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PH 112 - Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 (Lec) > Spectroscopic Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis > Flashcards

Spectroscopic Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles

A

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)/Light

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2
Q

Refers to the time required for one cycle to pass a fixed point in space

A

Period (p)

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3
Q

Refers to the number of oscillations of an electromagnetic wave per second

A

Frequency

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4
Q

Refers to the distance between any two consecutive maxima or minima of an electromagnetic wave

A

Wavelength

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5
Q

Refers to the reciprocal of wavelength

A

Wavenumber

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6
Q

Refers to the flux of energy per unit time

A

Power (P)

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7
Q

Refers to the flux of energy per unit time per area

A

Intensity (I)

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8
Q

Refers to the maximum length of the electric vector in a wave (the maximum height of the wave)

A

Amplitude

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9
Q

A particle of light carrying an amount of energy equal to hv

A

Photon

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10
Q

The measurement of the attenuation of photons because of absorption

A

Absorbance

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11
Q

__________ of a photon occurs when an analyte in a higher-energy state returns to a lower-energy state

A

Emission

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12
Q

Emission following the absorption of a photon is called __________

A

Photoluminescence

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13
Q

Emission following a chemical reaction is called __________

A

Chemiluminescence

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14
Q

Is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of UV region and visible region is absorbed by the molecule (Types of spectroscopy)

A

UV-Vis spectroscopy

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15
Q

In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the __________ is responsible for the absorption of light or radiation

A

Chromophore

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16
Q

The quantity of a colored constituent is determined by measuring the relative amount of absorption of light passing through a solution of the constituent; an example of visible spectroscopy

A

Colorimetry

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17
Q

__________ is a functional group which does not absorb radiant energy but affects the absorption of radiant energy by the chromophore

A

Auxochrome

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18
Q

Shift to longer wavelength; red shift (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Bathochromic shift

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19
Q

Shift to shorter wavelength; blue shift (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Hypsochromic shift

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20
Q

Shift to greater absorbance (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Hyperchromic shift

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21
Q

Shift to lower absorbance (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Hypochromic shift

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22
Q

According to this law, the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the thickness of the solution increases arithmetically

A

Lamber’s law (Bourger’s law)

23
Q

According to this law, the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the concentration of the solution increases arithmetically

A

Beer’s law (Bernard’s law)

24
Q

Refers to the fraction of incident light at a specified wavelength that passes through a sample

A

Transmittance

25
Q

Refers to the logarithm of inverse transmittance; also known as optical density (OD), absorbancy, or extinction coefficient

A

Absorbance

26
Q

A __________ lamp is used the UV region from 190-250 nm (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)

27
Q

A __________ or ________ lamp is used for the visible region from 350-900 nm (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)

A

Quartz halogen/Tungsten

28
Q

A __________ source is a source that emits radiation over a wide range of wavelengths

29
Q

A __________ source is a source that emits radiation at onlt select wavelengths

30
Q

May be designed to split the light beam so that the beam passes through two sample compartments (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)

31
Q

Is used to disperse the light into its constituent wavelengths which are further selected by a slit (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)

A

Monochromator

32
Q

Is an analytical technique that takes advantage of the vibrational transitions of a molecule; measures absorption in the IR region (Types of spectroscopy)

A

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy

33
Q

IR spectroscopy is conducted with an instrument called an __________ to produce an infrared spectrum

A

Infrared spectrometer/spectrophotometer

34
Q

The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds have a wavelength range from __________ to __________ nm

A

2,500 - 16,000

35
Q

4 types of vibrational movement (SAIO)

A

Symmetric stretching, Antisymmetric stretching, In-plane bending, Out-of-plane bending

36
Q

The __________ is the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters and is therefore expressed in units of cm^-1

A

Wavenumber (v)

37
Q

Wavenumber = 3700-3200; Alcohol, amide or amine, and terminal alkyne (Functional group frequency/zone)

38
Q

Wavenumber = 3200-2700; Alkyl, aryl or vinyl, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid (Functional group frequency/zone)

39
Q

Wavenumber = 2300-2100; Alkyne and nitrile triple bonds (Functional group frequency/zone)

40
Q

Wavenumber = 1950-1650; Carbonyl functional groups (Functional group frequency/zone)

41
Q

Wavenumber = 1680-1450; Alkene and benzene ring (Functional group frequency/zone)

42
Q

3 types of monochromators used in an IR spectrophotometer (PGF)

A

Prism, Gratings, Filters

43
Q

Are made up of potassium bromide, sodium chloride, and cesium iodide (Types of monochromators)

44
Q

Are made up of lithium fluoride (Types of monocromators)

45
Q

Are made up of alkali halides (Types of monochromators)

46
Q

Are used to measure the intensity of unabsorbed infrared radiation (Parts of an IR spectrophotometer)

47
Q

Are used to record the IR spectrum (Parts of an IR spectrophotometer)

48
Q

When radiation passes through a transparent medium, the species present scatter a fraction of the beam in all directions (Types of spectroscopy)

A

Raman spectroscopy

49
Q

When scattered light is equal to the excited light (Types of scattering)

A

Rayleigh scattering

50
Q

When scattered light is different from the excited light (Types of scattering)

A

Raman scattering

51
Q

When the scattered radiation is of lower frequency than the excitation radiation (Types of Raman scattering)

A

Stokes scattering

52
Q

When scattered radiation is of higher frequency than the excitation radiation (Types of scattering)

A

Anti-Stokes scattering

53
Q

Anti-Stokes lines are __________ than Stokes lines

A

Less intense

PH 112 - Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 (Lec) (9 decks)

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