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PH 112 - Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 (Lec) > Spectroscopic Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis > Flashcards

Spectroscopic Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles

A

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)/Light

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2
Q

Refers to the time required for one cycle to pass a fixed point in space

A

Period (p)

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3
Q

Refers to the number of oscillations of an electromagnetic wave per second

A

Frequency

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4
Q

Refers to the distance between any two consecutive maxima or minima of an electromagnetic wave

A

Wavelength

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5
Q

Refers to the reciprocal of wavelength

A

Wavenumber

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6
Q

Refers to the flux of energy per unit time

A

Power (P)

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7
Q

Refers to the flux of energy per unit time per area

A

Intensity (I)

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8
Q

Refers to the maximum length of the electric vector in a wave (the maximum height of the wave)

A

Amplitude

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9
Q

A particle of light carrying an amount of energy equal to hv

A

Photon

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10
Q

The measurement of the attenuation of photons because of absorption

A

Absorbance

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11
Q

__________ of a photon occurs when an analyte in a higher-energy state returns to a lower-energy state

A

Emission

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12
Q

Emission following the absorption of a photon is called __________

A

Photoluminescence

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13
Q

Emission following a chemical reaction is called __________

A

Chemiluminescence

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14
Q

Is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of UV region and visible region is absorbed by the molecule (Types of spectroscopy)

A

UV-Vis spectroscopy

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15
Q

In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the __________ is responsible for the absorption of light or radiation

A

Chromophore

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16
Q

The quantity of a colored constituent is determined by measuring the relative amount of absorption of light passing through a solution of the constituent; an example of visible spectroscopy

A

Colorimetry

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17
Q

__________ is a functional group which does not absorb radiant energy but affects the absorption of radiant energy by the chromophore

A

Auxochrome

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18
Q

Shift to longer wavelength; red shift (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Bathochromic shift

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19
Q

Shift to shorter wavelength; blue shift (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Hypsochromic shift

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20
Q

Shift to greater absorbance (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Hyperchromic shift

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21
Q

Shift to lower absorbance (Types of spectral shifts)

A

Hypochromic shift

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22
Q

According to this law, the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the thickness of the solution increases arithmetically

A

Lambert’s law (Bourger’s law)

23
Q

According to this law, the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the concentration of the solution increases arithmetically

A

Beer’s law (Bernard’s law)

24
Q

Refers to the fraction of incident light at a specified wavelength that passes through a sample

A

Transmittance

25
Refers to the logarithm of inverse transmittance; also known as optical density (OD), absorbancy, or extinction coefficient
Absorbance
26
A __________ lamp is used the UV region from 190-250 nm (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)
Deuterium
27
A __________ or ________ lamp is used for the visible region from 350-900 nm (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer) (QT)
Quartz halogen, Tungsten
28
A __________ source is a source that emits radiation over a wide range of wavelengths
Continuum
29
A __________ source is a source that emits radiation at only select wavelengths
Line
30
May be designed to split the light beam so that the beam passes through two sample compartments (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)
Optics
31
Is used to disperse the light into its constituent wavelengths which are further selected by a slit (Parts of a UV/Vis spectrophotometer)
Monochromator
32
Is an analytical technique that takes advantage of the vibrational transitions of a molecule; measures absorption in the IR region (Types of spectroscopy)
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
33
IR spectroscopy is conducted with an instrument called an __________ to produce an infrared spectrum
Infrared spectrometer/spectrophotometer
34
The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds have a wavelength range from __________ to __________ nm
2,500 - 16,000
35
4 types of vibrational movement (SAIO)
Symmetric stretching, Antisymmetric stretching, In-plane bending, Out-of-plane bending
36
The __________ is the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters and is therefore expressed in units of cm^-1
Wavenumber (v)
37
Wavenumber = 3700-3200; Alcohol, amide or amine, and terminal alkyne (Functional group frequency/zone)
Zone 1
38
Wavenumber = 3200-2700; Alkyl, aryl or vinyl, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid (Functional group frequency/zone)
Zone 2
39
Wavenumber = 2300-2100; Alkyne and nitrile triple bonds (Functional group frequency/zone)
Zone 3
40
Wavenumber = 1950-1650; Carbonyl functional groups (Functional group frequency/zone)
Zone 4
41
Wavenumber = 1680-1450; Alkene and benzene ring (Functional group frequency/zone)
Zone 5
42
3 types of monochromators used in an IR spectrophotometer (PGF)
Prism, Gratings, Filters
43
Are made up of potassium bromide, sodium chloride, and cesium iodide (Types of monochromators)
Prisms
44
Are made up of lithium fluoride (Types of monocromators)
Filters
45
Are made up of alkali halides (Types of monochromators)
Gratings
46
Are used to measure the intensity of unabsorbed infrared radiation (Parts of an IR spectrophotometer)
Detectors
47
Are used to record the IR spectrum (Parts of an IR spectrophotometer)
Recorders
48
When radiation passes through a transparent medium, the species present scatter a fraction of the beam in all directions (Types of spectroscopy)
Raman spectroscopy
49
When scattered light is equal to the excited light (Types of scattering)
Rayleigh scattering
50
When scattered light is different from the excited light (Types of scattering)
Raman scattering
51
When the scattered radiation is of lower frequency than the excitation radiation (Types of Raman scattering)
Stokes scattering
52
When scattered radiation is of higher frequency than the excitation radiation (Types of scattering)
Anti-Stokes scattering
53
Anti-Stokes lines are __________ than Stokes lines
Less intense

PH 112 - Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 (Lec) (10 decks)

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