Chromatographic Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis Flashcards
The process in which a solution of a mixture is separation into its components
Chromatography
2 phases in chromatography (SM)
Stationary, Mobile
May be a solid, liquid supported on a solid, or a gel (Phases in chromatography)
Stationary phase
May be gaseous, liquid, or supercritical liquid (Phases in chromatography)
Mobile phase
Meaning of LSC
Liquid-solid chromatography (LSC)
Meaning of LLC
Liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC)
Meaning of GLC
Gas-liquid chromatography
Meaning of GSC
Gas-solid chromatography
Meaning of TLC
Thin-layer chromatography
Meaning of GC
Gas chromatography
Meaning of HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography
Meaning of CC
Column adsorption chromatography
Brings about the separation of a mixture through a competitive process in which molecules of the mobile phase competes with the analyte molecules in the adsorbent (Types of chromatography)
Adsorption chromatography
4 common adsorbents used in adsorption chromatography (KASC)
Kiesulguhr, Activated alumina, Silica gel, Calcium carbonate
2 types of packing (DW)
Dry, Wet
The column is washed with eluants until each compound is successively obtained in the eluate (Types of chromatography)
Elution chromatography
Involves the spotting of a sample of a mixture of compounds at end end of an adsorbent-coated glass plate followed by passage of a solvent through the adsorbent (Types of chromatography)
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
Factor that expresses the mobility of separated spots; also the ratio of the distance travelled by the solute and the solvent; employed in TLC
Retardation factor/Retention factor (Rf)
Used for wide range of pharmacopeial tests (Common stationary phases in TLC)
Silica gel G
Same as silica gel G where visualization is under UV light (Common stationary phases in TLC)
Silica gel GF254
Used for identification of tetracyclines (Common stationary phases in TLC)
Cellulose
Used as a solid support for stationary phases in analysis of fixed oils (Common stationary phases in TLC)
Kieselguhr G
Dark spots at 254 nm or fluorescent spots at 365 nm (Detection of compounds in TLC plates)
Ultraviolet light
Brown spots, which disappear upon exposure to air (Detection of compounds in TLC plates)
Iodine vapors
Blue spots with corticosteroids (Detection of compounds in TLC plates)
Alkaline tetrazolium blue
Violet spots with phenolic compounds (Detection of compounds in TLC plates)
Ferric chloride solution
Involves multidimensional separation using systems of various selectivities; are applied when compounds have very similar physicochemical properties (Types of TLC)
Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC)
Is conducted on TLC plates which are coated with purified silica gel with a particle range of 2-10 µm (Types of TLC)
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)
An effective and easy way to obtain small quantities of compounds from heterogenous mixtures of natural products (Types of TLC)
Preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC)
A separation technique in which the mobile and stationary phases are liquids (Types of chromatography)
Partition chromatography/Liquid-liquid chromatography
Theory that states that the entire length of the chromatographic column is considered to be composed of many small, identical cells
Plate theory
According to the plate theory, the entire length of the chromatographic column is considered to be composed of many small, identical cells called __________
Theoretical plates
According to the plate theory, each volume of upper phase eluting from the column is called __________
Plate volume
Based on the partition principle in which the solid adsorbent is filter paper (Types of chromatography)
Paper chromatography
Accomplished by allowing the mobile phase to flow downward on the filter paper (Methods of paper chromatography)
Descending chromatography
In which the mobile phase is allowed to rise upward on the paper by capillary action (Methods of paper chromatography)
Ascending chromatography
In which the mobile phase moves out in concentric circles from the center of a circular piece of paper (Methods of paper chromatography)
Radial chromatography
Is a separation technique that can be used for the analysis of organic molecules and ions (Types of chromatography)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) / High-pressure liquid chromatography
__________ is the system used as an instrumentation of HPLC; it has a solvent reservoir, pump, loop projector, column, detector, and data capture system
Standard HPLC system
Column materials in HPLC may be divided into __________ and __________ (PS)
Porous, Superficially porous
__________ is a column material used in HPLC that consist of a solid, nonporous core and a thin, porous outer shell
Superficially porous/Porous layer bead, Pellicular supports, Controlled surface porosity
__________ is a graphical representation of the detector response, concentration of analyte in the effluent, or other quantity used as a measure of effluent concentration versus effluent volume or time
Chromatogram
Is a force of column chromatography in which the mobile phase is a gas rather than a liquid solvent (Types of chromatography)
Gas chromatography (GC)
The stationary phase may be an active adsorbent such as alumina, silica gel, or carbon (Types of gas chromatography)
Gas-solid chromatography
The stationary phase may be a liquid that is coated as a thin film on a finely divided inert solid support (Types of gas chromatography)
Gas-liquid chromatography
Used if the chromatographic column is of very small diameter; the stationary phase may be coated on its inner wall (Types of gas chromatography)
Open-tube/capillary column
