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MRAT 6050 - Recording Seminar > Spectral Processors > Flashcards

Spectral Processors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of spectral processors?

A
  • Filters
  • equalizers
  • aural exciters
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2
Q

What are the 6 types of filters?

A
  • LPF (low pass filter)
  • HPF (high pass filter)
  • band-pass filter
  • band-reject filter
  • notch filter
  • all-pass filter
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3
Q

In a low-pass filter, what is the cutoff frequency?

A

frequency where the output is -3.01 dB

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4
Q

In a low-pass filter, what is the slope?

A

dB per octave attenuation (below cutoff frequency)

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5
Q

In a low-pass filter, what is the order?

A

-first order is 6.02 dB/oct, second is 2x6.02 dB/oct -also called poles

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6
Q

What is a high-pass filter?

A
  • allows high frequencies below a certain frequency to pass through
  • slopes up from left to right
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7
Q

What is a low-pass filter?

A
  • allows low frequencies below a certain frequency to pass through
  • slopes down from left to right
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8
Q

Why is cutoff frequency defined at -3dB?

A
  • electrical engineers define 3dB as doubling of power
  • slope becomes mostly linear after this point
  • it is the point at which the effect is clearly audible
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9
Q

What are band-pass filters?

A

-high-pass filters and low-pass filters together

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10
Q

In a band-pass filter, what is the equation for bandwidth?

A

difference between two cutoff frequencies

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11
Q

In a band-pass filter, what is the equation for cutoff frequency?

A

cf=√(cf1*cf2)

ex. cf1=220, cf2=880

cf=√220*880

cf=√193600

cf=440

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12
Q

What is a band-reject filter?

A

reduces gain at a particular frequency

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13
Q

What is a notch filter?

A

band-reject filter with extreme attenuation at a single frequency and a very narrow bandwidth

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14
Q

What is an all-pass filter?

A
  • passes all frequencies equally, without attenuation
  • changes the phase relationship between frequencies
  • described by the frequency where the phase shift crosses 90° (¼ wavelength delay)
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15
Q

How is a phase shift achieved in an all-pass filter?

A

varying the filter’s propagation delay by frequency

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16
Q

What are all-pass filters used for (3 things)?

A
  • compensate for unwanted phase shifts
  • create intentional comb filter effects
  • multiple are used for a phase shifter
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17
Q

How do equalizers differ from filters (5 ways)?

A
  • EQs are made of a collection of filters (bands)
  • EQs allow control over the gain of the filter
  • EQs can boost and attenuate
  • EQs leave the gain of frequencies outside of the band-pass/band-reject filter at zero dB
  • bandwidth is measured 3dB below the peak of the curve
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18
Q

What is a peaking equalizer?

A

a band-pass filter that leaves the gain of the frequencies outisde of it at zero dB

19
Q

How does an asymmetrical filter work?

A

bandwidth is measured 3dB below zero on the cutting side and 3dB below peak on boosting side

20
Q

How does a symmetrical filter work?

A

bandwidth is measured 3dB above zero for boosting and 3dB below zero for cutting

21
Q

What is a constant range (proportional Q) EQ?

A

Q narrows as boost or cut increases

22
Q

What is a constant Q EQ?

A

Q remains constant as boost or cut increases

23
Q

In an EQ, which frequency controls are peaking filters?

A

mid frequencies

24
Q

What is a shelving equalizer?

A

-allows for boost or cut of frequencies above or below a given frequency

25
Q

In an EQ, which frequency controls are shelving filters?

A

high and low frequencies

26
Q

What are the two critical frequencies in a shelving EQ?

A
  • stop frequency
  • turnover frequency
27
Q

What is the equation for transition ratio on a shelving EQ?

A

transition ratio=stop freq/turnover freq

28
Q

In a shelving EQ, what is overshoot?

A

boost of frequencies just above (low shelf) or below (high shelf) the cut

29
Q

In a shelving EQ, what is undershoot?

A

attenuation of frequencies just above (low shelf) or below (high shelf) the boost in a shelving EQ

30
Q

What are 5 things to consider about phase response in filters?

A
  • not all frequencies pass through equally
  • EQs may shift the phase of a certain frequency
  • each frequency range or octave may have a different phase response than the others
  • phase response may be different at different Q settings
  • phase shift can give character
31
Q

What are the four types of equalizers?

A
  • parametric
  • graphic
  • paragraphic
  • semi parametric
32
Q

What are 4 characteristics of a parametric equalizer?

A
  • full control over center frequency, boost/cut, and Q
  • all bands independent
  • high and low bands typically provide peaking and shelving modes
  • typically bands are in series
33
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a graphic equalizer?

A
  • fixed frequency sliders
  • one third, two third, or octave bandwidths
  • typically bands are in parallel
34
Q

What are the characteristics of a paragraphic equalizer?

A
  • graphic EQ with fine tuning of bands
  • digital parametric EQ with graphic display
35
Q

What are 2 characteristics of a semi parametric equalizer?

A
  • may not have full control over all bands
  • all bands may not be independent
36
Q

What are 3 typical uses for EQ?

A
  • spectral balance
  • timbral correction
  • tonal enhancement
37
Q

What are the typical uses for a high-pass filter?

A

remove unwanted frequency content such as room rumble

38
Q

What are the typical uses for a low-pass filter?

A

remove unwanted frequency content such as fret squeaks on a bass guitar

39
Q

What is the main use for a band-pass filter?

A

telephone voice

40
Q

What are 3 main uses for a band-reject or notch filter?

A
  • even out the notes on a bass guitar
  • reduce problem resonant frequencies
  • reduce sibilance on a vocal
41
Q

What is the main use for a shelving equalizer?

A

high or low frequency enhancement, resoration, or attenuation

42
Q

What are high-pass filters useful for?

A

-useful to remove room rumble and some mechanical noises

43
Q

In a shelving EQ, what is stop frequency?

A

the frequency 3dB above or below where the curve levels off

44
Q

In a shelving EQ, what is turnover frequency?

A

the frequency 3db above or below flat, when the slope becomes linear

MRAT 6050 - Recording Seminar (7 decks)

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