specified Flashcards
Australopithecines characteristics and behaviour
Characteristics: Smaller Brain size, reduction in front teeth, sexually dimorphic
Behaviour: Meat eating from scevenging, no evidence of hunting
Paranthropis Characteristics and Behaviour
Characteristics: More robustly built, Larger brain size, very large molars and premolars, large jaws for chewing, presence of sagittal crest, pneumatized
Behaviour: Adapted to a diet made of coarse vegetation, strong sexual dimorphism, possible gorilla-like behaviour
The Habilines Characteristics and Behaviour
Larger Brains, Rounder Skull, Smaller Teeth, Less facial prognathism, Postcranial like Australopithecines
Behaviour: Possibly first tool makers, Oldowan tool technology, possible uses as hammers, digging tools, etc.
Australipithecus garhi Characteristics and behaviour
Oldest fossil that we know of that has been using stone tools
Behaviour:: Tool use, butchery of meat
Archaics Characteristics and behaviour
Large brain size, modern human stature, more robust built, massive supraorbital torus, occipital torus
Behaviour: Hunted Large game, stone tools
Satellite imagine or aerial photographs are best used to find evidence of:
Large scale features or monuments
Characteristics and Behaviour of Homo Erectus
Larger body, Larger brain, robus built, less sexual dimorphism, Higher skull, less prognathic, smaller jaws and teeth, larger supraorbital torus, Occipital torus
Behaviour: First to potentially migrate out of Africa, New Tools (Acheulean tools), Hunters or Scavengers, Use of Fire, Made Shelters
Homo Floresiensis Characteristics and Behaviour
1m tall, Small brain, Island Effect
Behaviour: Used fire, Stone tools
________ are associated with the earliest human culture to have existed in the _______
Clovis Points, America
Homo Sapiens Characteristics and Behaviour
Roundest skull, Small teeth, presence of a chin, slender build, oldest remains in africa (?)
Behaviour: Contemporary with Neandertals (Coexisted), No evidence of cultural differences during that time
Neanderthal Characteristics and Behaviour
Australopithecines
Paranthropis
Australipithecus Garhi
Homo Erectus
Homo Floresiensis
Archaics
Neanderthal
Homo Sapien
Oldowan tools can be described as
Thin, symmetrical tools made by striking off flakes on alternating sides with a variety of stone, bone, and antler tools
Characteristics of anatomically modern humans
Lightly built post-cranial skeleton
Tiny or nonexistent brow ridges
A “Globular” brain case
Name the following that are part of the genus Paranthropus
Aethiopicus
Boisei
Robustus
The earliest evidence for goat and cattle herding is about
11,000 years ago
Cultural borrowing that produces something new, drawing attention ot the positive processes of cultural creativity, is known as:
Cultural hybridity
What term is defined as understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living?
Cultural relativism
Which of the following refers to the process by which humans living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling considered appropriate in their respective cultutres?
Enculturation
The advantages of cooking food include which of the following?
Killing of parasites in food
An increase in nutrients extracted from the food
A more effecient way to preserve food
When did the first Homo Species emerge
2.4-1.5 MYA
Which of the following are behaviours that do not need to be explained to members of one’s own culture? They are symbolic.
Collective Understandings
Which of the following is defined as a stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from both outside enemies by an army and from internal disorder by a police force?
The State
What are arguments used to explain the origins of domestication?
Migrating into new environments
Population growth
Long distance trade
What are the differences between chronometric and relative dating methods?
Relative dating methods reveal the order of a sequence of found objects, materials, or events found within a site. Discovereing which is older/newer.
While Chronometric dates the actual age in the number of years of said items, materials, events, etc, found at the site.`
What is the importance of the grid system in archaeology?
It serves as a way of mapping the entire site, by divvying up the larger site into smaller areas.
What evidence is used to determine if fossil species were bipedal?
If the fossils provide long bones
If it has a Foramen Magnum (Hole at bottom of skull, connecting spinal cord to brain)
The Pelivs/Hip Bone will be shorter but wider and a lot thicker
Finding a Femur is a good sign of Bipedalism, as the femur makes it effortless for us to stand up right.
Hold at bottom of skull where spinal chord is attached to brain
Foramen Magnum
What and Who are the Protohominins?
Early Hominins
Sarchelanthropus Tchadensis
Orrorin Tugensis
Ardipithecus Ramidus
What are the general characteristics of Protohominins?
Small Brain, Mostly apelike characteristics, Possibly Bipedal, Lived in forested environments
Oldest Stone Tools
Dikika
Lomoekwi
Nyayanga
What are the theories on what happened to Neanderthals?
Out Of Africa Hypothesis
- Modern humans migrate out of Africa and replace all archaic hominids
Partial Replacement Model
- Modern humans interbreed with other archaic hominids, but some are replaced
Multi-Regional Hypothesis
-All archaic hominids evolve into modern humans through gene flow
