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Final exam > Specific questions (2) > Flashcards

Specific questions (2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is difference between ephedrine AND epinephrine

A

ephedrine- medication given for hypotension

epinephrine- aka adrenaline.
given for anaphylaxisis, asthma attack, maternal shock
Inhibits myometrial activity esp in early labour

norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline)
surge promotes 2nd stage labour

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2
Q

what are recommendations for BP and BMI

A

Important to get right BP cuff size
measure the Mid arm circumferenace at first visit
IF BMI> 35, use large (33cm x 16)
listen until korotkoff sound V (4) ( If V is not present, use IV (silence)

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3
Q

what is a laparotomy

A

surgical procedure- incision in abdomen to examine organs (used after CS for suspected uterine rupture)

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4
Q

what is intrapartum mgmt of VBAC

A

Close/continuous FHR monitoring
regular maternal obs/ be aware of continuous pain
routine IV line not necessary
regular VE’s

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5
Q

what is rx process for VBAC

A

Consult in 1st half of pregnancy

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6
Q

what is MODY

what causes it
mgmt in pregnancy

A

“maturity onset diabetes of young”- gene mutation that disrupts insulin production.
DIfferent to T1/T2 DM
signs- high BGL’s
Inherited- (dominant)= child of affected parent has 50% chance of inheriting it

mgmt- TRANSFER
don’t give insulin

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7
Q

What BGL range do we aim for, in labour

A

4-7mmol (measure hourly)

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8
Q

what is dyspnoea

A

shortness of breath

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9
Q

what are resp changes in pregnancy?
what are mechanical changes
how is change to ventilation achieved
why can this cause dyspnoea

A

20% increase in oxygen consumption

mechanical
diaphragm pushed up. breathing changes from abdominal to thoracic- increased diaphramatic breathing

increased o2 consumption achieved via 40% increase in ventilation

driven by DEEPENING resps (increased tidal vol) (NOT Increasing frequency of resps)
increased tidal volume achieved via
- chemoreceptors are more sensitive to co2 in blood (PaCO2) –> stimulated via progesterone
Can cause hyperventilation and sensation of dyspnoea

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10
Q

what is physiology of asthma

A

bronchioles (airways) become oversensitive to ‘triggers’.

2 key effects = “narrowed airways”
* inflammation (Swollen, excess mucous)
* vasoconstriction (muscle tightens)

Cause difficulty breathing

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11
Q

how do we diagnose asthma

A

FEV >12%
low Pao2 / high PaCo2 (these should be opposite in normal pregnancy)

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12
Q

what are risks of asthma

what is MW advice

A

congenital malformations
SGA
Placenta praevia
GDM
PTL/ NICU / ELCS

Very important to control Asthma + avoid exacerbations.

**medication - safe for mum and baby
**- salbutamol (beta 2 agonists)
- inhaled corticosteroids
- oral corticosteroid less clearly safe in T1 (Cleft lip)

Avoid triggers
Smoking
NSAIDs/ Aspirin
Gastro oesophageal Reflux
stress
respiratory infection / sinusitis
dust

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13
Q

What is rx for asthma

A

moderate (2 uses / wk)- PRimary

severe (continuous / oral corticosteroids)- CONSULT

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14
Q

What is rx for TB

A

Active- Transfer

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15
Q

Pertussis vaccine

indication
when

A

indication
-reduce risk of mum getting whooping cough
- passes on AB’s to baby to provide protection until baby has vaccine (natural passive immunity)

recommended every pregnancy
ideally 16-26 wks but can be from 13 -38 wks

vaccine is combined with tetanus + diptheria

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16
Q

what is TB?
what are cosniderations / mgmt in pregnancy

A

Bacterial infection that usually affects lungs.

2 types
- inactive (latent) - asymptomatic, but TB bacteria is present in body
- active

Recommendations for mum
- if active / first diagnosed- continue taking meds (these are safe in pregnancy)
- MW should Screen ALL whanau in pregnancy- check risks
- Will baby live with someone from High risk area (living >5yrs) / prev TB, for >6mths
- will baby live in hgih risk country for >3mths, in next 5 years

(high risk country is >40 / 100k population)

if yes, offer referral for FREE BCG vaccine <5yrs

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17
Q

what is criteria for high risk TB population

A

> 40 cases / 100k people

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18
Q
  1. Amanda, is a grand multipara, is in transition but the presenting part is high. The fetal heart rate is dipping with contractions but recovering quickly. What is the most likely cause of the fetal distress?
    a. Poor placental circulation to the baby
    b. The mothers distressed state affecting the baby
    c. The baby rotating from an OP to OA position
    d. The presenting part descending
A

PP descending

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19
Q
  1. Mary has decided to have a homebirth. At 12 weeks you visit her to do a booking visit. When identifying risk factors ALL of the following would be considered EXCEPT:
    a. Having been in contact with sprays on the farm
    b. Drinking unpasteurised milk with the chance on contracting Listeria
    c. Eating a vegetarian diet which will lead to anaemia
    d. Working with the pigs that have leptospirosis
A

eating veg diet which will lead to anaemia

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20
Q

what is leptospirosis

A

bacterial infection spread by infected animals

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21
Q
  1. Mary asks what the effects of Listeria might be. ALL of the following are effects EXCEPT:
    a. Miscarriage
    b. Fetal abnormality
    c. Premature delivery
    d. Fetal death
A

fetal abnormality

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22
Q
  1. At one of her antenatal visits Mary has 1+ protein in her urine and complains of a dull pain in her lower abdomen. What is the most appropriate action in this situation?
    a. Take bloods to exclude PET
    b. Take a MSU to confirm a provisional diagnosis of a UTI
    c. Take her to DS to assess if she is going into premature labour
    d. Tell her she is not resting enough, and she needs to rest for at least an hour during the day
A

MSU to confirm a UTI

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23
Q

What is a battledore cord insertion

A

aka marginal cord insertion
cord inserted on edge of placenta

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24
Q

what is a succenturiate placenta

A

2 globes

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25
Q

what is circumvallate placenta

A

when amnion and chorion double back around placneta = thick ring of membranes

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26
Q
  1. A baby is born. At one minute she is found to have a pink body with blue extremities, a weak cry, a limp body, a heart rate below 100 and grimaced. The APGAR scare is most likely to be:
  2. 3
  3. 4
  4. 5
  5. 6
A

4

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27
Q

describe Apgar and rating

A

https://hiehelpcenter.org/apgar-scores/

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28
Q

HPV screening
what is HPV
indication
frequency / type of test
MW role

A

What is it
Virus that infects skin and can cause cervical cancer. Sexually transmitted

test-
lower vaginal swab-touches vaginal walls only
(not appropriate for woman with prev abnormal result/ regular bleeding after sex)
can be a self swab
Every 5 years (or 3yearly if woman is immuno compromised)
safe in pregnancy- should be offered to any woman who is due for smear. Anyone with positive result should be referred for colposcopy in pregnancy

MW role
cervical screening is in MW scope of practice

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29
Q

how do you take fundal height

A

top of fundus to symphysis pubis

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30
Q

notifiable disease

A

diseases that you need to notify medical officer of health (legal requirement )
e.g. listeriosis, TB, Syphilisis hep b, HIV, hep c, measles,

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31
Q

What are normal changes to BP in pregnancy

A

systolic is unchanged
diastolic drops mid pregnancy, then returns to baseline at term

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32
Q

ACE Inhibitors
indication
use in pregnancy

A

indication: to treat hypertension

pregnancy- Contraindicated as can cause congeinital abnormalities.
switch to beta blocker (labetalol) or cal channel inhibitor (nifidipine) or methyldopa (alpha agonist)

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33
Q

what is the cardinal sign of eclampsia

A

hyperreflexia

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34
Q

mag sulphate toxicity
what do we monitor

A

effect
depress neuromuscular transmission at myoneural junction= paralysis.
risk of respiratory arrest

monitor
- patella reflex (loss of patellar reflex precedes respiratory depression/ arrest)
- resps
- loss of consciousness
- Urine output
- temperature

if respiration is depressed -call for help, STOP mgso4 infusion, give calcium gluconate + oxygen

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34
Q

what is most important sign of renal failure

A

diminished urine output

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35
Q

hydralazine
indication

A

anti-hypertensive (vasodilator)
severe hypertension

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36
Q
  1. The non pregnant uterus lies in the abdominal cavity
    a. just below the bladder
    b. just above the bladder
    c. between the bladder and the os
    d. between the rectum and the ascending colon
A

just above the bladder

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37
Q

what is Icterus neonatorum

A

Icterus neonatorum, also known as neonatal jaundice

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38
Q

when writing prescriptions, when do we use generic vs brand name

A

always use generic name, except for oral contraceptives, use brand name

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39
Q

what is law for oral communication with prescriptions

A

can request prescription orally, then must send written prescription within 7 days

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40
Q

what is duration that MW can prescribe medication

A

3mths except oral contraceptives can be prescribed for 6mths

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41
Q

tramadol
what is max supply?
when must prescription be presented to pharmacy?

A

1mth
within 4 days of writing

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42
Q

what can MW use PSO for

A

1mth supply of required items- use for emergency, teaching, to administer to women

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43
Q
  1. Ovulation is brought about by
    a. surge of FSH
    b. drop in LH level
    c. surge of LH
    d. surge of oestrogen
A

LH surge

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44
Q
  1. Pregnant woman may develop varicose veins because of
    a. increase venous pressure in the veins of the legs
    b. increased blood flow in the veins in the legs
    c. uterine compression of the great saphenous veins
    d. increase venous muscle tone
A

uterine compression on saphenous veins

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45
Q
  1. When using nitrous oxide it is important for the woman to breathe on the mask
    a. at the peak of her contraction
    b. just after the contraction has started
    c. when the contraction first becomes painful
    d. prior to the contraction
A

b - just after cx has started

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46
Q
  1. When the fetal arms are extended in a breech delivery the manoeuvre of choice is the
    a. wigan-artin
    b. loveset
    c. bracht
    d. pinard
A

loveset

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47
Q
  1. The term puerperium refers to
    a. return of reproductive organs to their normal condition following birth of the infant
    b. the adjustment period of mother and infant following childbirth
    c. period between the birth of the infant and discharge of mother and infant from the hospital
    d. the first four weeks post partum
A

return of organs to normal after birth

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48
Q
  1. The organism most likely to cause mastitis is
    a. staphylococcus aureus
    b. haemolytic streptococcus
    c. bacteroides fragilis
    d. Escherichia coli
A

staph A

49
Q
  1. Cephalohaematomas in the neonate indicate
    a. bleeding between the skull bone and periostium
    b. soft swelling on the scalp
    c. intracranial bleeding
    d. increased intracranial pressure
A

bleeding between skull and periostium

50
Q

what is tonic neck reflex

A

when baby is supine and head isturned- limbs extend on side teh baby is facing, flex on other side

strong reflex seen between 30-36wks, may not be seen in early newborn, returns 4-6wks later.

51
Q

what is babinski reflex vs plantar

A

babinski- toes splay out when you stroke the bottom of foot
plantar- toes curl in, when you touch under toes

52
Q
  1. When working in a hospital setting the MW who wishes to prescribe an approved medication to her client
    a. writes a prescription on a prescription for and takes it to the hospital
    b. writes a prescription in the client’s chart
    c. obtains the medicine from a local pharmacy
    d. uses medication from her practitioner’s supply
A

writes prescription in client’s chart

53
Q

endocervical swabs
what for?
where from?

A

gonorrhea

taken from cervical os

54
Q

vulvovaginal swabs
what for?
where from

A

chlamydia + gonorrhea

from vaginal wall and introitus

55
Q

high vaginal swab
what for
where from

A

BV, GBS, trichomonas, candida

use speculum- swab posterior fornix of vagina

56
Q

What are ‘normal’ Fetal blood samples

A

Lactates ≤4.1, pH ≥ 7.25

“Abnormal” / Acidic
lactates ≥ 4.8
pH ≤7.2

57
Q

what is neonatal encephalopathy

A

“disturbed neurological function in early life”
signs-difficulty wtih resps, depressed tone + reflexes, abnormal level of conscionsuness, seizures

possible causes
hypoxia
metabolic disease
infection
drug exposure

58
Q

what is cerebral palsy?
which period do most issues develop?
What are major risk factors

A

describes group of motor disorders, stemming from malfunction of brain (not spinal cord / muscles)

usually developed preconception or prenatally
only 6-8% during birth (PRETERM BIRTH IS MAJOR ISSUE)
10% postpartum

Risk factors
-preterm birth
IUGR
PE / infections / Placenta issues / multiples

NOTE- CP rates are not falling - despite significantly more intervention aimed to reduce asphyxia

59
Q

what is 4 criteria required to prove cystic fibrosis is caused by hopxia intrapartum?

A

1) metabolic acidosis in cord bloods (ph<7)
2) baby is ≥34 wks
3) CP is spastic quadriplegic or dyskinetic type
4) we have excluded other possible reasons

60
Q

what is aneuploidy

A

condition where there is an extra / missing chromosme
e.g. Downs syndrome

61
Q

Fetal movements
when do most women start feeling these
what advice should be given to women

A

timing- nulliparous- 18-20wks, multips- 16wks

advice:
- be aware of movements daily from 28wks
normal to have DIURNAL (24hr) pattern- more active at night than during day .

and types of movement will change, however movements should be felt throughout whole pregnancy (normal to have longer breaks closer to term. but movements should still feel strong)
- movements are a reassuring sign that baby is developing and growing

if you are concerned about decreased / absent movements- contact MW immediately, Don’t wait
MW will asses you immediately-
* CTG, movements, SFH measurement, consider risk factors, maternal obs
* consider USS, AFI, dopplers

62
Q

Reduced fetal movements
what is the care pathway

A

what is the care pathway recommended

63
Q

what is the AN non-stress test

A

assesses response of baby’s HR, to baby’s movements
“reactive”= baby responds 2x : 20mins
“non-reactive”= baby doesn’t meet criteria- but maybe because baby was asleep!

64
Q

when does smoking become a major risk factor

A

> 10 cigarettes daily
>16wks

65
Q

how does FHR baseline change between premature / term/ post dates baby

A

Premature -FHR higher baseline
post term- 90-110 baseline

66
Q

how do we define baseline variability
what is ‘normal’

A

minor fluctuations in baseline FHR
calculate by difference in peak and trough over 1min

5-25bpm

67
Q

what is a bradycardia vs prolonged decel

A

brady- fall in baseline FHR >5mins
prolonged decel- fall in baseline FHR 90sec-5mins

68
Q
  1. When writing a prescription, the MW must
    1 write on a ministry of health prescription form
    2 use legible writing
    3 sign it or use a stamp with her usual signature
    4 include her address and phone number
    5 include the address of the person for whom the medicines are prescribed
    6 include the age of the person for whom the medicines are prescribed

a 1,2,5
b 1,3,6
c 2,3,6
d 2,4,5

A

2,4,5

69
Q
  1. The first infication/s of a tracheo-oesphogeal fistula in a baby is
    a. periods of apnoea
    b. peripheral cyanosis
    c. projectile vomiting
    d. persistent salivation
A

salivation

oesophageal atresia (when oesophagus ends in a blind pouch) / Fistula *When oesophagus and trachea are connected) should be suspected when there is excess polyhydramnios

screen for co-existing abnormaliites

initial mgmt- nuse baby ‘heads up’ with IV fluid + suctioning. good surgery success rates

70
Q
  1. What is the MOST important sign that would indicate that a woman’s uterus was in danger of rupturing during labour?
    a. fresh uterine bleeding
    b. tenderness over the fundus of the uterus
    c. continuous contraction causing great pain
    d. fall in blood pressure and rapid pulse
A

continuous painful cx

71
Q

Signs of neonatal sepsis

A

Temperature changes: Fever or hypothermia
Breathing problems: Fast or slow breathing, respiratory distress, or apnea
Feeding issues: Poor feeding, reduced sucking, or difficulty feeding
Skin changes: Pale or clammy skin, cold hands and feet, or jaundice
Other symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, irritability, lethargy, or reduced activity

72
Q
  1. Moulding is the result of both an increase and reduction of diameters of the fetal skull. In a persistent occipito posterior position the diameters are altered in the following way
    a. occipito frontal is reduced, mento vertical increased
    b. sub occipito frontal is reduced. Mento vertical increased
    c. mento vertical is reduced, occipito frontal increased
    d. sub occipito brematic reduced, sub mento vertical increased
A

sub occipito frontal reduces
Mento vertical increases

73
Q

What is diameter of OP position

A

occipito frontal (11.5)

fully extended- occipito mento (Brow) 13.5cm

74
Q
  1. The PRIMARY advantage of using inhalation anaesthesia over intravenous anaesthesia is that it is
    a. better tolerated by the client
    b. easier to administer
    c. easier to control the circulating concentration
    d. lower in the number of toxic effects
A

D- lower toxic effects

75
Q
  1. Prior to giving an epidural an intravenous infusion is commenced. The main reason for this is that
    a. augmentation of labour may be necessary
    b. systemic access is needed to correct hypotension
    c. vaso constriction reduces the blood supply to main organs
    d. vaso dilation causes a decrease in blood pressure
A

vasodilation causes decrease in BP

76
Q
  1. On a vaginal examination you find a diamond shape fontanelle near the apex of the left anterior quadrant of the pelvis. You conclude that the fetus is
    a. a brow presentation
    b. LOP
    c. ROA
    d. ROP
A

ROP

77
Q
  1. Which of the following would be most indicative of a breech presentation
    a. deeply engaged presenting part
    b. fetal heart sound heard high
    c. an irregular mass in the upper pole
    d. a recognisable neck grove in the upper pole
A

Fetal heart sound heard high

78
Q
  1. To deliver a baby in breech presentation with extended arms, the MW should rotate the anterior shoulder
    a. 90 to bring shoulders into the Antero-posterior diameter
    b. 90 to allow it to move into the plane of the pelvic outlet
    c. 180 to allow the posterior shoulder to escape under the symphysis pubis
    d. 180 and bring the babys arm across the chest
A

180 to allow posterior arm to escape under SP

79
Q
  1. The fetus is in a LSA position. During the breech mechanism after the buttocks internally rotates the Bi-trochanteric diameter is in the
    a. antero posterior diameter of the brim
    b. antero posterior diameter of the outlet
    c. transverse diameter of the outlet
    d. oblique diameter of the cavity
A

AP diameter of outlet

https://breechbirth.org.uk/2013/05/14/mechanisms-of-upright-breech-birth/

80
Q
  1. Lacerations of the perineum is likely to occur in a persistent occipito posterior position. This is because the diameter distending the perineum is the
    a. biparietal
    b. sub occipito bregmatic
    c. sub mento vertical
    d. occipito frontal
A

Occipito frontal (11.5)

81
Q

what are 3 diameters for vertex presentation

A

9.5- fully flexed. suboccipito bregmatic
10cm-partially flexed suboccipito frontal
11.5- occipito- frontal (posterior)

if posterior and deflexed - 12.5cm occipito mento (short rotation 45 degrees)

82
Q

what is diameter for brow presentation

A

mento vertical
13.5

83
Q

what is diameter for face presentation

A

submentobregmatic - 9.5
or
submentovertical 11.5

84
Q

what is acetonuria

A

same as ketosis

85
Q

what is ‘traumatic bleeding’ vs atonic bleeding

A

bleeding caused by trauma (e.g. laceration)
bleeding caused by insufficient uterine cx

86
Q

Symptoms of post date baby

A

dry / hairy / creasy/ low fat

Dry, loose, peeling skin
Overgrown nails
Large amount of hair on the head
Visible creases on palms and soles of feet
Small amount of fat on the body
Green, brown, or yellow coloring of skin from baby passing stool in the womb
More alert and “wide-eyed”

86
Q
  1. Alex is a preterm infant born at 34 weeks gestation and he is appropriate weight for gestational age. The MW is concerned about Alex’s ability to maintain a normal body temperature. She is aware that Alex has limited heat production capabilities as exhibited by his
    a. extended posture
    b. small muscle mass
    c. proximity of blood vessels to the skin surface
    d. limited amount of subcutaneous fat
A

limited amount of SC fat

87
Q

what are indications for continuous monitoring

A

pyrexia
tachycardia
suspect chorio / sepsis
significant mec (not light mec(
fresh vaginal bleeding
hypertension
delay in 1st /2nd stage
hypertonus/ tachysystole
oxytocin (not ARM)

88
Q

SFH measurements
when/ process/ rx

A

All low risk women- From 26-28wks
measure from top of fundus to SP
fortnightly
plot on customised GROW chart

Refer for USS if
- fundal height <10th centile
- slowing of growth (decrease by 30centiles since 28wks )

if USS not normal, check dopplers

89
Q

What are risk factors for IUGR

A

Major Risk factors (anyone with 1 of these, should have mthly USS from 28 wks)
- nulliparous + >40
- Freq smoker (>10 /day, >16wks)
- recreational drug use
- prev IUGR/ stillbirth
- Hypertensive (PIH/ chronic/ PET)
- GDM with vascular disease
- renal impairment
- antiphospholipid syndrome
- APH/Heavy bleeding early pregnancy

Minor risk factors (>3 risks- 2 scans, ~30 wks and 36wks)
- infrequent smoker
- >40
- nulliparous
- short/long (5yr) interval since birth
- ART
-BMI high/low >30
placenta praevia
low gestational weight gain

90
Q

What is definition of SGA vs IUGR

A

SGA= any baby with EFW / birth weight <10th centile
IUGR=

(LATE ONSET)
AC/EFW <3rd

OR 2 or more
- EFW <10th
- Slowing of growth (>30 centile since 28wks)
- UA / Uterine index >95th centile (indicates constriction)
CPR <5th (describes both fetal circulation + placental function)
bilateral notching

91
Q

what are reasons for ‘unreliable’ scans and mgmt

A

high BMI >35
Polyhydramnios
fibroids

2 USS
-30wks
36wks

92
Q

how do we measure fundal heigh

A

1) uppermost part of fundus
2) top rim of Symphysis pubis
aim to measure size of uterus (not just fetus)
should be done by same person each time

93
Q

what is definition of hypoxia

A

low oxygen level in the fetal tissues

94
Q

abortion reporting
- who holds list of providers
- what are MW reporting requirements? to whom

A

director general of health
report each abortion <1mth, to Moh

95
Q
A
96
Q

what does ‘Te Tatau’ mean

A

refers to the gateway to a marae.

97
Q

what does kahu refer to

A

Kahu refers to ‘the membrane enveloping the unborn baby’. Whare kahu emphasises the protective nature of Council’s role to protect the public by ensuring midwives are competent to practise.

98
Q

what does tangata whenua and tangata tiriti mean

A

tangata whenua-first people of the land

tangata tiriti- all other people- represented by the crown

99
Q

what does hauora mean

A

‘breath of life’
health

100
Q

what does tikanga mean

A

norm, tradition, rituals

101
Q

what is turanga kaupapa

A

foundation principles /concepts
developed by nga maia

102
Q

what is te wakahuia o hine

A

established to ensure integrity / quality of maternity services, to achieve the intent of te tiriti

103
Q

what is te whare tapa wha?

A

wellbeing model by mason durie
represented by a traditional house -

104
Q

what is taha waiura

A

spiritual component of te whare tapa wha

105
Q

what is haputanga

A

pregnancy

106
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that can cause muscle weakness and tirednes

107
Q

lignocaine
normal dose (concentration mg + ml)
max dose in 24hrs

A

lignocaine 1% 20ml (200mg)

300mg /24hs

108
Q

nipple thrush

Symptoms, treatment

A

maternal symptoms
- deep / breast pain
- stabbing nipple pain that continues after feedign
- may appear pink and shiny

treatment
- maternal - topical antifungal cream
- neonatal- nystatin liquid (NOT gel)

109
Q
A
110
Q

what is tetracycline? when is it indicated

A

Group of AB
CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY- teeth staining + inhibited bone growth

111
Q

What is tenofovir

A

Antiviral for Hep B- mum takes it in 3rd /4th trimester to reduce Hep B viral load
BF safe

112
Q

What is fluconazole

A

indication- Oral Anti-fungal (for thrush)
NOT SAFE in pregnancy( category D). Breastfeeding safe in small doses.

113
Q

what is Nitrofurantoin
indication

A

AB for UTI.
indication - first choice of AB in pregnancy
Contraindication
- not >36wks pregnant / 1st month breastfeeding (risk of haemolytic anaemia)

114
Q

what is trimethroprin
indication

A

AB for UTI-
Don’t use in 1st trimester (disrupts folate metabolism)

115
Q

warfarin

A

anticoagulant contraindicated in pregnancy

116
Q

labetalol-
mechanism, indication + contraindication

A

mechanism- beta blocker (stops adrenic cells that promote heart activity)

indication- hypertension in pregnancy + breastfeeding (replace ACe with labetalol)

contraindication - Asthma + bronchospasm

117
Q
  • To- What medication is used to reverse hypotension with epidural use?
A

Ephedrine/ phenylephrine (vasopressor- that causes constriction)

118
Q
A
119
Q
A

Final exam (14 decks)

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