Specific Memorization for Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a full-term infant?
37-42 weeks old
What is the weight range for a healthy full-term infant?
2500 - 3800 grams (5 1/2 lb to 8 1/2 lbs)
What are preterm infants?
before 37 weeks
What counts as a low birth weight?
<2500
What counts as a very low birth weight?
<1500
What counts as an extremely low birth weight?
<1000
What counts as appropriate for gestational age (AGA)?
10th to 89th percentile
What counts as small for gestational age (SGA)?
<10th percentile
What counts as large for gestational age (LGA)?
> 90th percentile
What ages do you use the growth reference charts (CDC)?
ages 2-20 years
What age do you use the growth standard charts (WHO)?
ages 0-2 or 0-5 years
What milestone should 0 months be at?
fetal position
What milestone should 1 months be at?
chin up
What milestone should 2 months be at?
Chest up
What milestone should 3 months be at?
Reach and miss
What milestone should 4 months be at?
sit with support
What milestone should 5 months be at?
sit on lap; grasp object
What milestone should 6 months be at?
sit on high chair; grasp dangling object
What milestone should 7 months be at?
sit alone
What milestone should 8 months be at?
Stand with help
What milestone should 9 months be at?
Stand with holding on furniture
What milestone should 10 months be at?
Creep
What milestone should 11 months be at?
walk when led
What milestone should 12 months be at?
Pull to stand by furniture
What milestone should 13 months be at?
Climb stairs
What milestone should 14 months be at?
Stand alone
What milestone should 15 months be at?
walk alone
How long should formulas be iron-fortified?
12 months
When do reflexes start to fade in infants?
4-6 weeks
When is it appropriate to introduce complementary foods to infants?
6 months
When can infants have pureed foods?
six months
When can infants have soft. lumpy foods?
6-8 months
When can infants eat soft, mashed foods?
8-10 months
When can infants eat chopped foods?
9-12 months
When is appropriate to wean to a cup for an infant?
12-18 months
How many calories do most infants require?
100 kcal/body weight
What is the distribution of calories in infancy?
40-50% from fat, 7-11% from protein, remainder from carbohydrates
How much fat do infants need per day?
30 grams of fat
How much protein do infants need?
0-6 months: 1.5 g/kg
7-12 months: 1.2 g/kg
What is the rule of three for colic?
- crying for more than 3 hours per day
- crying for more than 3 days per week
- crying for more than 3 weeks
All in an infant who is well fed and otherwise healthy
True or false: 10% of children under four years old have allergies
False: 6-8% percent
When does the mucosal barrier reach closure in infants and how long till it’s fully mature?
closure in about 3-4 months
Fully mature: 6 months
What is the risk of allergy if one parent has it?
35%
What is the risk of allergy if both parents have it?
58%
What is the risk of the infant developing the same clinical disease (such as asthma or eczema) if both parents have the same one?
78%
How long should a mother breast-feed exclusively to prevent food allergy?
4-6 months
When should mothers start including potential allergen’s in the infant’s diet?
after 6 months
What specific nutrients do vegan mothers need to pay attention to?
protein, omega-3 essential fatty acids, iron, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12 intake.
How to calculate corrected age?
40 - gestational age
What is the survival rate cutoff?
Around 27 weeks
What are the protein requirements for preterm infants in the first 6 months?
1.51 grams per kg of body weight and then you can slow down
How much is the percent of very low birth weight infants with feeding problems?
40-45 percent
An infant born at 32 weeks of gestation would be ready for complementary foods at which age?
8 months
How old are toddlers?
1-3 years
How old are preschool age kids?
3-5 years
What is the growth for birth to twelve months?
infant triples their birthweight
What is the growth for toddlers?
8 oz per month, 0.4 inches
What is the growth for preschoolers?
4.4 lbs per year, 2.75 inches
When is BMI started for use to assess weight for height?
after 2 years of age
According to WHO charts, if the baby is <2nd percentile, what does this indicate for their nutritional status?
short stature, low weight for length
According to WHO charts, if the baby is >98th percentile, what does this indicate for their nutritional status?
high weight for length
According to CDC charts, if the child is <5th percentile in BMI and stature, what does this indicate for their nutritional status?
Underweight, Short Stature
According to CDC charts, if the child is >95th percentile, what does this indicate for their nutritional status?
Obese
According to CDC charts, if the child is >85th and <95th percentile, what does this indicate for their nutritional status?
Overweight
What is the developmental milestone of 15 months in toddlers?
Crawls upstairs
What is the developmental milestone of 18 months?
runs stiffly
What is the developmental milestone of 24 months?
walks up stairs one foot at a time and jumps in place
What is the developmental milestone of 30 months?
alternates feet going up stairs
What is the developmental milestone of 36 months?
rides a tricycle
What is the developmental milestone of 9-10 months?
bottle weaning
What is the developmental milestone of 12-14 months?
completely weaned
What is the feeding developmental milestone of 12 months?
refined pincer grasp
What is the developmental milestone of 18-24 months?
able to use tongue to clean lips and has well-developed rotary chewing
What are toddler sized portions?
one tablespoon per year of age
What years have decreased nutrition needs?
2-5 years
When do children become less responsive to internal cues and more responsive to external cues, which may result in eating with no hunger/overeating?
3-5 years
How much of the daily calories should come from carbs in toddler/preschool age children?
45-65%
For children ages 1-3 years, how much fat should they have?
30-35%
For children ages 4+, how much fat should they have?
25-35%
What are the 10 clinical features of rickets?
Delayed closure of fontanelles
Frontal bossing
Dental hypoplasia
Pectus carinatum
Swelling in wrist and ankle joints
Wide sutures
Craniotabes
Rachitic rosary
Harrison’s sulcus
Bowing of legs
How many mg of iron do toddlers need in a day?
7 mg of iron each day
How many mg of iron do kids who are ages 4-5 years old need?
10 mg each day
How do you prevent iron deficiency?
1 mg/kg/day of iron supplement starting no later than 4 months and continue till iron containing foods are introduced
When should infants at risk for iron deficiency be tested?
9-12 months
six months later
annually from ages 2-5
How do you treat iron deficiency in toddlers?
supplementation with 3-6 mg/kg of body weight for at least 3 months
Avoid dairy 1 hour before and 1 hour after
What is the prevalence of dental caries in children ages 3-5?
1 in 3 children
What are the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in toddlers and children from the ages 1-5 years that are diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia?
Hematocrit –> ~11 g/dL
Hemoglobin —> 33%
