Exam 1 Flashcards
The standard value for glucose screening for pregnant women should be around…
140 mg/dL
What’s the difference between a normal breast and a maternal breast?
Mammary glands are what kind of structures?
secreting structures
What are the branches on the mammary glands?
Duct or ductule
Basic structure of milk production?
Alveoli/Alveolus
Myeopithialial cells
Just like muscles they contract
How does milk get secreted?
hormone stimulates lactocytes to secrete milk
hormone signal myoepithelial cells and the milk ejects
Areola
has a lot of neurons and is very sensitive. When the babies are drinking milk, it sends signals to the brain
What is prolactin?
hormone that promotes milk production and is stimulated by the suckling
What is oxytocin?
Hormone that is responsible for ejection of milk from the gland which is stimulated by nipple suckling and FINISH LATER
TABLE AFTER THIS SLIDE VERY IMPORTANT
Prolactin signaling pathway - letdown reflex
Babies stimulate nipple suckling which goes to the hypothalamus which sends a signal to the pituatary gland
Describe the letdown reflex
Oxytocin is produced by
posterior pituitary
What are the stages of lactogenesis?
lactogenesis I, II, and III
What is the milk called in lactogenesis I?
colostrum
What is the milk called in lactogenesis II?
transitional milk
What is the milk called in lactogenesis III?
mature milk
When does lactogenesis I occur?
Why is colostrum milk yellow?
Colostrum
high in protein and lactoferrin (super essential to the babies) and also secretory lgA (very powerful immuglobin that can fight bacteria)
Also has a laxative effect
The babies intestine is not mature so they are not good at fighting off bacteria and viruses.
Lactoferrin - very important protein, tons of high affinity to iron, carries iron to the intestine and helps baby absorb iron.
Compete with bacterius that also has a high affinity for iron
Baby Formula cannot do all this they do not have IgA and can only have lactoferrin added back in
Water and Energy in breastmilk
water is a major component in human milk
Human milk is isotonic (same electron) with maternal plasma
Babies do not need water given - if you give water to babies it fills up their extremely small stomach which takes away space for the milk
Higher energy than 0.65 kcal increases the chance for childhood obesity - baby formulas have higher caloric value
What is foremilk and hindmilk?
foremilk- first 5 minutes
hindmilk- last 5 minutes
foremilk- more lactose and protein (taste better with more lactose- helps the baby keep suckling
hindmilk- more lipids (helps the baby get more energy
You want to drain one side and then move the baby to the other side to get both sides
Mother’s milk is easier for the baby to absorb proteins, has a higher bioavailability than cow’s milk
Whey proteins contain a lot of transporter proteins for minerals and vitamins
- lactoferrin is a type of whey protein
Mother’s milk oligosaccharides can build up the microbiome in the baby and help prevent infections
Baby formulas can claim they added oligosaccharides but are unable to achieve the intended composition
Vitamin D in the mother’s milk is ALREADY active - unlike when we are adults where we consume pro vitamin D
Vitamin K in mother’s milk not enough so all babies recieve an injection at birth of vitamin K to populate the microbiome/intestine
Why do babies have low risk of anemia despite low iron content of human milk
Answer: high bioavailability
The taste of milk is affected by what the mother’s eat
why should mothers breastfeed within an hour after birth- want cholesterol and train the mother to build up breast production
Babies usually feed every 2 hours
Benefits of breastfeeding
oxytocin can also make the muscles of the uterus contract - go back to the prepregnancy state so reduce the bump
Crying is a late signal for hunger - so they won’t cry if they feel hungry only if they are extremely hungry they will
a lot of wet and soiled diapers is also not a good sign - indicates GI issues such as diarrhea
What are the principles of the science of nutrition?
1: food is a basic need of humans - insecurity vs security
- nutrient storage, regulation of absorption, regulation of appetite (leptin and ghrelin)
- primary malnutrition: diet
- secondary malnutrition- disease, surgery, medication
- pregnant or breastfeeding women, infants, children, illness, elderly
characteristics of healthy dietary patterns
What are EARs?
Estimated Average Requirement:
The value assigned to a nutrient that would meet the needs of 50 percent of the people of a specific age or life stage and gender
Example: For adults aged 19-50 years, the EAR for calcium is set at 800 mg per day. Meets the need of 50% of individuals in this group to maintain bone health
What is DRI?
Dietary Reference Intakes: standards that are designed for healthy people and categorized based on age group and life stage
Includes:
- EAR: Estimated Average Requirement
- RDA: Recommended dietary allowances
- AI: Adequate intake
- UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Used to assess and improve the nutritional status of Americans:
- interpret food consumption records of populations
- establish standards for food assistance programs and plan school menus
- to establish guidelines for nutrition labeling
What is RDA?
Recommended Dietary Allowance:
The recommended intake required to meet the daily nutrient needs for 97-98 percent of all individuals in a given age or gender group
For adult men, the RDA for vitamin C is 90 mg per day, while for adult women, it is 75 mg per day. This amount is intended to meet the nutritional needs of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in these groups¹
What is a calorie?
measure of the amount of energy transferred from food to the body
What are nutrients?
Chemical substances in food that are used by the body
What are essential vs. non-essential nutrients?
Essential: cannot be made by the body, must be acquired through the diet
What is AI?
Adequate Intake:
value assigned to a nutrient if some scientific evidence is available, but not enough to establish a recommendation with certainty
Example: Sure! An example of an Adequate Intake (AI) is for Vitamin K. For adult men, the AI is 120 micrograms per day, and for adult women, it is 90 micrograms per day. The AI is used when there isn’t enough evidence to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), and it is based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people
What is UL?
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
highest level of daily nutrition intake that poses little risk of adverse health effects to healthy individuals in a specific age or gender group
An example of a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is for Vitamin D. The UL for adults is 100 micrograms (mcg) per day, which is equivalent to 4,000 International Units (IU). This is the highest daily intake level that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all individuals
What are simple sugars made up of?
monosaccharides and disaccharides
What are the three monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, and galactose
What are the three disaccharides?
sucrose, maltose, and lactose
What are the types of complex carbs/polysaccharides?
starches (plant form), glycogen (animal form), most types of fiber
What are the 4 types of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars, complex carbs, alcohol sugars, alcohol (ethanol)
What is glycemic index?
the extent to which carbohydrate-containing foods increase blood glucose levels
- high glycemic foods = raise blood glucose levels more
What is the recommended intake level for carbohydrates?
45-65 percent of calories
What is the recommended intake level for added sugar?
no more than 25 percent or less of
calories
How much fiber should males and females get in a day?
Females: 21-25 grams fiber a day
Males: 30-38 grams fiber a day
What is the only animal source of carbohydrates?
milk
What are the “building blocks” of proteins?
Amino acids
Explain protein quality?
high-quality proteins provide all
essential amino acids
– Examples: milk, cheese, meat, eggs, etc.
What is the recommended protein intake?
10-35 percent of total energy intake
Linoleic acid is the parent of the ——– family
while Alpha-linolenic acid is parent of the —— family
omega-6, omega-3
How many double bonds are in a monosaturated fatty acid?
one
How many double bonds are in a polysaturated fatty acid?
two or more
What is hydrogenation?
Hydrogenation: adds hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids
* Changes structure of fatty acid from cis structure to trans form
What is dietary cholesterol?
Fat-like, clear liquid found in animal products
– Precursor of estrogen, testosterone, and vitamin D
– Leading sources: egg yolks, meat, milk and milk products, and fats such as butter
What is the current recommendation of fat intake?
dietary intake within the range of 20 to 35 percent of total calories
– Average intake of fat among adults in the United States is 33 percent
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, folate, B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, vitamin C
What are phytochemicals/phytonutrients?
Chemical substances in plants
– Some affect body processes in humans that may benefit health
What are minerals and what are the 15 essential minerals?
- Consist of single atoms and carry a charge in
solution - calcium, chloride, chromium, copper, fluoride, Iodine, Iron, Magnesium, molybdenum, manganese, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, selenium, zinc
What are the outcomes of both nutritional deficiency and toxicity?
impaired cellular functions, physical signs and symptoms, long-term impairment of health
What is nutrigenomics?
study of nutrient-gene
interactions and effects of these interactions on health
– Also called nutritional genomics
* Genes code for enzymes and protein synthesis that affect body functioning
– Affect the body functions in huge ways,
– Interaction of genetic and environmental factors, including nutrition
Enriched vs. fortified foods?
Enriched: Nutrients that are added back that were removed during processing
Example: enriched white rice will have some B-vitamins and iron added back
Fortified: foods with nutrients added to them
Example: Calcium fortified orange juice
Early in life, nutrition is for —— and ——– and later in life nutrition is for —— and ———
growth, development AND maitenance and repair
What are the ABCDs of nutrition assessment?
Anthropometric measures: height, weight, bmi, waist circumference, etc.
Biochemical tests: blood test, glucose test, albumin test, urine test, lipid profiles
Clinical observations: hair and nails, face, eyes, gums, skin, etc.
Dietary intake: food diaries, etc.
