Specific Communicable Disease Flashcards
The Patient Experience:
▪ Coughs for 2 or more weeks
▪ Fever
▪ Chest or back pains, not referable to any musculo-skeletal disorders
▪ Hemoptysis or blood in sputum
▪ Significant weight loss
▪ Sweats, fatigue, or body malaise
▪ Shortness of breathing
Tuberculosis
Causetive Agent of Tuberculosis
“Mycobacterium Tuberculosis”
Diagnosis for Tuberculosis
▪ Sputum smear/ culture
▪ Skin test (TST)/ Tuberculin Skin Test
▪ Chest X-ray
Treatment for Tuberculosis
6 months treatment
- 2 months: intensive phase
- 4 months: continuation phase
▪ Isoniazid (IP – 1, CP – 1)
▪ Rifampicin (IP – 1, CP – 1)
▪ Pyrazinamide (IP – 2)
▪ Ethambutol (IP – 2)
Prevention for Tuberculosis
▪ Prompt diagnosis & treatment
▪ BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine to newborn, infants, grade 1/ school entrants.
▪ Educate public in mode of spread, method of control, and importance of early diagnosis.
▪ Improve social conditions.
▪ Make available medical, laboratory, and X-ray facilities for
examination of patients, contacts, and suspects.
The Patient Experience:
▪ Early Symptoms
- Skin color changes
- Loss of sensation on the skin
lesion
- Decrease/loss of sweating &
hair growth over lesion
- Thickened or painful nerves
- Muscle weakness or paralysis
of extremities
- Pain and redness of eyes
- Nasal obstruction or bleeding
- Ulcers that do not heal
Leprosy or “Hansen’s Disease”
The Patient Experience:
▪ Late Symptoms
- Madarosis (loss of eyebrows)
- Lagophthalmos (inability to
close eyelids)
- Clawing of fingers & toes
- Sinking of nose bridge
- Gynecomastia (enlargement of
breast in males)
- Chronic ulcers
Leprosy or “Hansen’s Disease”
Leprosy or “Hansen’s Disease” Causetive Agent
“Mycobacterium Leprae”
Diagnosis for Leprosy or Hansen’s Disease
Skin-Biopsy
Treatment for Leprosy or Hansen’s Disease
▪ Ambulatory chemotherapy using
Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) w/ 3
drugs.
- Dapsone
- Rifampicin
- Clofazimine
Prevention of Leprosy or Hansen’s Disease
▪ BCG vaccination
▪ Avoidance, especially children, of prolonged skin-to-skin contact with lepromatous case.
▪ Good personal hygiene
▪ Adequate nutrition
▪ Health education
The Patient is Experiencing:
▪ Fever
▪ Rashes
▪ Symptoms Referable to URT
Measles
Causetive Agent of Measles
Morbillivirus paramyxoviridae (single strand RNA virus)
Incubation Period of Measles Virus
▪ 10 days from exposure to appearance of fever.
▪ 14 days until rash appears.
Prevention of Measles
▪ Avoid exposing children to any person w/ fever or acute catarrhal
symptoms.
▪ Isolation of cases from diagnosis about 5-7 days after onset of
rash.
▪ Disinfection of all particles soiled with secretions of nose and
throat.
▪ Live attenuated and inactivated measles virus vaccines (MMR).
Causetive Agent of Chicken Pox or “Varicella”
Zoster Virus
The Patient is Experiencing:
▪ Slight Fever
▪ Mild Constitutional Symptoms
▪ Eruptions which is Maculo-Papular for Few Hours
Chicken Pox or Varicella
Incubation Period of Chicken Pox or “Varicella”
▪ 2 – 3 weeks, not common in
infancy
Prevention of Chicken Pox
▪ Case over 15 years of age should be investigated to eliminate possibility of smallpox.
▪ Isolation of infected person.
▪ Concurrent disinfection of throat and nose discharge.
▪ Exclusion from school for 1 week after eruption 1st appears.
▪ Avoid contact with susceptible
The Patience is Experiencing:
▪ Profuse Colorless Diarrhea
▪ Vomiting
▪ Severe Dehydration
▪ Muscular Cramps
▪ Cyanosis
▪ Severe Cases Collapse
Cholera
Causetive Agent of Cholera
Vibrio Cholerae
Prevention of Cholera
▪ Bring patient to hospital for proper isolation, prompt, and competent medical care.
▪ Prevention same as those Typhoid and Dysentery.
▪ All contacts should submit themselves for stool examination
and be treated accordingly if found positive.
Causetive Agent of Tetanus
Clostridium tetani / Tetanus bacilli
Prevention of Tetanus
▪ Pregnant women should be
actively immunized in regions
where tetanus neonatorum is
prevalent.
▪ Health education of mothers,
relative, and attendants, in the
practice of strict aseptic methods
of umbilical care in the newborn.
The Patient is Experiencing:
▪ Fever that Last 1-6 days
▪ Chills
▪ Back Pains
▪ Leans on Frustration
▪ Respiratory Symptoms; Coryza, Sore-throat, and Cough
Influenza
Causetive Agent of Influenza
Influenza Virus A, B, C
Prevention of Influenza
▪ Education of the public as to sanitary hazard from spitting,
sneezing, and coughing.
▪ Avoid use of common towels, glasses, and eating utensils.
▪ Active immunization with influenza vaccine provided prevailing strain of virus matches antigenic component of vaccine.
The Patient is experiencing:
▪ Abrupt fever
▪ Headache
▪ Myalgia
▪ Nausea
▪ Vomiting
▪ Cough
▪ Chest pain
Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease, Mud Fever, Trench Fever, Flood Fever, Spiroketal Jaundice, Japanese 7-days Fever)
Causetive Agent of Leptospirosis
Leptospira interrogans – varicterohemmorhagiae
Treatment of Leptospirosis
▪ Penicillin & other B-lactam antibiotics
▪ Tetracycline
▪ Erythromycin
The Patience is Experiencing:
▪ High fever for first 24 hours
▪ Weakness, joint, & muscle pain
▪ Hemorrhagic rash, progressing from few petechiae to widespread purpura.
▪ Meningeal irritation like headache, nausea & vomiting, stiff neck, seizure/ convulsion, & sensorial changes
Meningococcemia
Causetive Agent of Meningococcemia
Neisseria meningitides
Treatment of Meningococcemia
▪ Penicillin
▪ Ciprofloxacin
- Taken immediately after close contact with infected
Prevention of Meningococcemia
▪ Respiratory isolation of patients for the first 24 hours upon admission to prevent exposure of hospital staff.
▪ Preventive clothing for hospital staff w/ suspected patient.
▪ Public should be educated to avoid overcrowded places to reduce the risk of exposure especially among children & elderly.
The Patient is Experiencing:
▪ Sense of apprehension
▪ Headache
▪ Fever
▪ Sensory change near the site of animal bite
▪ Spasm of muscles or deglutition on attempt to swallow.
▪ Paralysis
▪ Delirium & convulsion
Rabies
Causetive Agent of Rabies
Lyssavirus rhabdovirus
Incubation of Rabies
▪ 2-8 weeks
▪ Can also last for a year or several years depending on the severity of wound and distance of wound from the brain.
Prevention of Rabies
▪ Wound must be immediately washed with soap and water.
▪ Antiseptic such as povidone iodine or alcohol may be applied.
▪ Patient must be given antibiotics & anti-tetanus immunization.
▪ Consult veterinarian or trained personnel to observe your pet for
14 days for sign of rabies.
