Species And Taxonomy Flashcards
Give three ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating.
- Recognise the same species
- Stimulates production of gametes
- Recognition of opposite sex
Male field crickets produce a courtship song by vibrating their wings.
The natural song contains seven low-pitched ‘chirps’ followed by two high-pitched ‘ticks’.
Scientists recorded this song and used a computer program to change the number of chirps and ticks.
Different versions of the song were then played back continuously to females in the presence of a male.
This male had previously had one wing removed so he could not produce a courtship song.
The scientists determined the percentage of females that showed courtship behaviour within 5 minutes of hearing each recorded song.
The results of the scientists’ playback experiments are shown in the table below.
Version of recorded song:
1 ) K
2 ) L ( Natural )
3 ) M
4 ) N
5 ) O
6 ) P
Number of chirps:
1 ) No song played
2 ) 7
3 ) 7
4 ) 0
5 ) 7
6 ) 7
Number of ticks:
1 ) No song played
2 ) 2
3 ) 0
4 ) 2
5 ) 2
6 ) 1
7 ) 4
Percentage of females that show courtship behaviour within 5 minutes
1 ) 30
2 ) 83
3 ) 70
4 ) 65
5 ) 83
6 ) 82
The scientists wanted to know if the recorded natural song was less effective than the natural song in stimulating courtship behaviour.
Suggest how the scientists could determine if the recorded natural song ( L ) was less effective than the natural song.
- Use a male with intact wings
- Determine percentage response of females compared with L
A student concluded from the data in the table above that the number of chirps and ticks is essential for successfully stimulating courtship behaviour.
Do these data support this conclusion?
Explain your answer.
( Version of recorded song:
1 ) K
2 ) L ( Natural )
3 ) M
4 ) N
5 ) O
6 ) P
Number of chirps:
1 ) No song played
2 ) 7
3 ) 7
4 ) 0
5 ) 7
6 ) 7
Number of ticks:
1 ) No song played
2 ) 2
3 ) 0
4 ) 2
5 ) 2
6 ) 1
7 ) 4
Percentage of females that show courtship behaviour within 5 minutes
1 ) 30
2 ) 83
3 ) 70
4 ) 65
5 ) 83
6 ) 82 )
- The lowest courtship behaviour was with no song
- There’s reduced courtship when no ticks are produced
- There’s reduced courtship when no chirps are produced
- So courtship must involve a visual stimulus
Micronesia is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean.
The white-fronted ground dove is a bird found on these islands.
The diagram below shows how the white-fronted ground dove is classified.
( Diagram shows circles within circles, labelled with names )
( From the outside to inside, they are labelled, Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Columbiforms, Columbidae, Gallicolumba and kubaryi )
To which class does the white-fronted ground dove belong?
- Aves
- ( Identified that the taxons start from Kingdom and go down to species from the outside to the inside of the circle )
Give the scientific name for the white-fronted ground dove.
( Diagram shows circles within circles, labelled with names )
( From the outside to inside, they are labelled, Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Columbiforms, Columbidae, Gallicolumba and kubaryi )
- Gallicolumba kubaryi
This classification system consists of a hierarchy as there are small groups within larger groups.
( Diagram shows circles within circles, labelled with names )
( From the outside to inside, they are labelled, Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Columbiforms, Columbidae, Gallicolumba and kubaryi )
Give one other feature of a hierarchy that is shown in the diagram.
- No overlap
The following figure shows how some animals with hooves are classified.
( Figure shows some kind of hierarchy tree )
( Animalia - > Chordata - > Mammalia - > Perssodactyla - > Equidae - > ( Equus zebra ( Mountain zebra ), Equus asinus ( donkey ) ), Tapiridae - > ( Tapirus terrestris ( Brazilian tapir ), Tapirus indicus ( Malayan tapir ) ), Rhinocerotidae - > ( Ceratotherium simum ( White rhino ), Diceros bicornis ( Black rhino ) )
( Arrows represent the branch of the tree )
( Commas represent the names that are on the same class ( Same branch of the tree ) )
This type of classification can be described as a phylogenetic hierarchy.
What is meant by a hierarchy?
- Groups within groups
- No overlap
How many different families are shown in the figure?
( Figure shows some kind of hierarchy tree )
( Animalia - > Chordata - > Mammalia - > Perssodactyla - > Equidae - > ( Equus zebra ( Mountain zebra ), Equus asinus ( donkey ) ), Tapiridae - > ( Tapirus terrestris ( Brazilian tapir ), Tapirus indicus ( Malayan tapir ) ), Rhinocerotidae - > ( Ceratotherium simum ( White rhino ), Diceros bicornis ( Black rhino ) )
( Arrows represent the branch of the tree )
( Commas represent the names that are on the same class ( Same branch of the tree ) )
- 3
- ( Equidae, Tapiridae and Rhinocerotidae )
To which phylum does the white rhino belong?
( Figure shows some kind of hierarchy tree )
( Animalia - > Chordata - > Mammalia - > Perssodactyla - > Equidae - > ( Equus zebra ( Mountain zebra ), Equus asinus ( donkey ) ), Tapiridae - > ( Tapirus terrestris ( Brazilian tapir ), Tapirus indicus ( Malayan tapir ) ), Rhinocerotidae - > ( Ceratotherium simum ( White rhino ), Diceros bicornis ( Black rhino ) )
( Arrows represent the branch of the tree )
( Commas represent the names that are on the same class ( Same branch of the tree ) )
- Chorodata
Explain the role of independent segregation in meiosis.
- Provides genetic variation
- Allows different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
A zedonk is the offspring produced from breeding a mountain zebra with a donkey.
- The body cells of a mountain zebra contain 32 chromosomes.
- The body cells of a donkey contain 62 chromosomes.
Use this information to suggest why zedonks are usually infertile.
- Zedonk has 47 number of chromosomes
- ( 16 + 31 = 47 )
- Chromosomes cannot pair
What is a species?
- Group of similar organisms
- That can produce fertile offspring
Scientists investigated the diversity of plants in a small area within a forest.
The table shows their results.
Plant species:
1 ) Himalayan raspberry
2 ) Heartwing sorrel
3 ) Shala tree
4 ) Tussock grass
5 ) Red cedar
6 ) Asian tree
7 ) Spanish needle
8 ) Feverfew
Number of individuals:
1 ) 20
2 ) 15
3 ) 9
4 ) 10
5 ) 4
6 ) 6
7 ) 8
8 ) 8
The index of diversity can be calculated by the formula
d = N( N - 1 ) / Sum of n( n - 1 )
where
d = index of diversity N = total number of organisms of all species n = total number of organisms of each species
Use the formula to calculate the index of diversity of plants in the forest.
Show your working.
n( n - 1 ):
- 20( 20 - 1 )
- 15( 15 - 1 )
- 9( 9 - 1 )
- 10( 10 - 1 )
- 4( 4 -1 )
- 6( 6 -1 )
- 8( 8 - 1 )
- 8( 8 - 1 )
- Sum of n( n - 1 ) = 906
- N = 20 + 15 + 9 + 10 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 8
- N = 80
- d = 80( 80 - 1 ) / 906
- d = 6.975717439 = 6.98
The forest was cleared to make more land available for agriculture.
After the forest was cleared the species diversity of insects in the area decreased.
Explain why.
- Decreasing variety of plants
- Fewer habitat
- Fewer food sources
Organisms can be classified using a hierarchy of phylogenetic groups.
Explain what is meant by:
a hierarchy
- Groups within groups
- No overlap
