species

Question 1

Calanus hyperboreus

Answer 1

Copepods
Arctic
Eat phytoplankton
Overwinter at depth with high lipid storage

Question 2

Patella vulgata

Answer 2

Common limpet
Important rocky shore grazer - use radula to scrape algae off rocks
Secondary gills to use water around the surface of the rock
Morphological plasticity - high shore limpets have smaller foot + grow taller to reduce heat loss and desiccation (Helmuth 1998)

Question 3

Littorina littorea

Answer 3

Common periwinkle
Grazer on UK rocky shores
Mid-lower shore

Question 4

Nereis diversicolor

Answer 4

Ragworm
Important food source for wading birds in estuaries
Euryhaline - copes very well in low salinity but not in completely freshwater

Question 5

Eunice aphroditois

Answer 5

Bobbit worm

Benthic predator in burrows

Question 6

Sargassum

Answer 6

Group of seaweeds providing substrate in the Gulf of Mexico

Diverse food web but actually supported by phytoplankton (Rooker et al. 2006)

Question 7

Rhincodon typus

Answer 7

Whale shark
Biggest fish on Earth - 12m long!
Filter feeder
Long distance seasonal migrations and daily vertical migrations (Wilson et al. 2006)

Question 8

Lysianassoids

Answer 8

Most abundant amphipods of benthic communities
Scavengers
Detect food by chemoreception

Question 9

Ciona intestinalis

Answer 9

Sea squirt

Encrusting benthic species

Question 10

Maerl

Answer 10

Mixture of red seaweeds
Produce hard, chalky calcium carbonate skeletons -> hard substrate for other organisms
Needs sunlight to grow - lives in water shallower than 20m

Question 11

Avicennaceae

Answer 11

Black mangroves

Question 12

Rhizophoraceae

Answer 12

Red mangroves

Question 13

Pelvetica

Answer 13

Seaweed on rocky shores

Waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation slows photosynthesis

Question 14

Fucus spiralis

Answer 14

Upper shore seaweed species

Spiral keeps water near to prevent desiccation but also reduces surface area so photosynthesis is reduced

Question 15

Fucus vesiculosis

Answer 15

Mid shore seaweed species

Has pneumatocysts to keep afloat when tide is coming in - photosynthesis continues

Question 16

Melarhaphe neritoides

Answer 16

Top shore small periwinkle

Question 17

Littorina saxatalis

Answer 17

Upper shore small periwinkle

Question 18

Littorina obtusa

Answer 18

Flat periwinkle

Mid shore

Question 19

Nucella lapilus

Answer 19

Dog whelk

Drills through the shells of other organisms to eat

Question 20

Pisaster ochracceus

Answer 20

Purple sea star
Predates on mussels -> controls lower limit on rocky shores
Increases biodiversity by preventing mussel domination - top-down control

Question 21

Zostera marina

Answer 21

Seagrass
Common at mouth of estuaries
Needs stable sediment to fix onto
Fish nursery ground
Sea horses = sea grasses specialists

Question 22

Carcinus maenas

Answer 22

Common shore crab
Classic estuarine osmoregulator
Temperature = key determinant of distribution (migrates to deeper waters when cool), inactive below 8C

Question 23

Platichthys flesus

Answer 23

Flounder
Common in estuaries
Juveniles in upper estuaries + adults in lower
Predators cannot tolerate low salinity - juveniles protected
Spawn in open sea
Osmoregulators

Question 24

Branta bernicla

Answer 24

Brent geese

Feed on seagrasses in estuaries

Question 25

Melosira arctica

Answer 25

Diatom important for primary production in sea ice

Question 26

Euphausia superba

Answer 26

Antarctic krill Primary consumer - same niche as calanus hyperboreus 500 million tons of krill in Southern Ocean Keystone species due to importance of food source + iron storage in Southern Ocean

Question 27

Ophiura sarsi

Answer 27

Brittle star | Filter feeder

Question 28

Myctophidea (family)

Answer 28

Lantern fish 246 species 65% of all deep sea biomass Bioluminescent patterns unique to each species

Question 29

Osedax

Answer 29

``` Deep sea polychaetes Bone eating Acid pump -> bone dissolves Present on whale carcasses Symbiotic with bacteria to produce bone-digesting enzymes ```

Question 30

Eurythenes

Answer 30

Deep sea amphipods Benthic scavengers Can eat up to 75% of own body weight in one sitting then go up to a year without any food

Question 31

Anoplogaster cornuta

Answer 31

Fangtooth fish Biggest teeth to body size ratio Deep sea predator

Question 32

Nautilus pompilius

Answer 32

Largest and most common chambered mollusc | No lenses -> poor eyesight -> relies on smell to locate food

Question 33

Pennatulids

Answer 33

Sea pens

Question 34

Gorgonians

Answer 34

Sea fans

Question 35

Holothuroidea

Answer 35

Sea cucumbers | Dominate echinoderm communities along with brittlestars (Ophiuroidea) in deep sea communities

Question 36

Nudibranchs

Answer 36

``` Soft bodied gastropod molluscs Shed shell after larval stage Simultaneous hermaphrodites -> can mate with any other individual they meet -> reproductive success increased Internal fertilisation Reciprocal copulation ```

Question 37

Anaspidea

Answer 37

Sea hares Form long mating chains Act as both male and female at the same time

Question 38

Palolo viridis

Answer 38

Palolo worm Semelparous Swarm all together then release gametes at the same time to increase likelihood of fertilisation

Question 39

Dermochelys coriacea

Answer 39

Leatherback turtle Truly pelagic Atlantic - inconsistent migrations - move all around Caribbean unpredictably East Pacific migrations very clear directionality - move from Costa Rica to the Galapagos - Conservation targets as habitat use is not random

Question 40

Chelonia mydas

Answer 40

Green sea turtle | Uses magnetic cues for migration

Question 41

Pomacentrus amboinenisi

Answer 41

Ambon damselfish Recognises conspecifics by their UV pattern - attacks conspecifics invading territory more than heterospecifics with the same visual pattern Damselfish = yellow - well camouflaged -> use UV to commnicate without compromising camouflage

Question 42

Scarus glacamaia

Answer 42

Rainbow parrot fish Largest herbivorous fish Depends on mangroves for population success Mangrove removal -> local extinction