reading Flashcards
Helmuth 1998
Limpets (patella vulgata) growing on the upper shore have a smaller foot and grow taller - avoid heat loss and desiccation
Lower shore limpets are flatter and wider
Howard et al. 2017
Anthropogenic degradation of marine ecosystems is leading to CO2 uptake by photosynthesis to decrease
Laverock et al. 2011
Bioturbation releases 80% of nitrogen needed for photosynthesis in estuaries
Sumich 1996
Oysters and mussels close their shells at low tide to avoid unfavourable conditions
Deng et al. 2010
Antifreeze proteins arose from duplication of sialic acid synthase (SAS-B) gene
Kiko et al. 2010
Antifreeze proteins bind to ice crystals in cells to prevent growth
Aronson et al. 2007
Warming sea temperature -> King crabs migrating into Antarctica
Rate of living theory
Higher metabolism -> shorter life as toxic metabolites accumulate
Gigantism in polar regions due to low metabolic rate?
Baco and Smith 2003
Whale fall carcasses = hard substrate on deep sea floor
High biodiversity
8km apart - link benthic communities
Dover et al. 2002
400 species described from hydrothermal vents
Pauly et al. 1998
Fishing down the food web
Average trophic level of fish catches is decreasing
Vermeij et al. 2010
Studied simple cilia on coral larvae + detailed how they detect sound waves in the sea to aid navigation
Simpson et al. 2011
Studied antennae on copepods - more complex sound-detecting organs
Kim et al. 2014
Increased anthropogenic emissions -> increased [nitrate] in upper oceans
- Most detectable in near-shore environments
Hinder et al. 2012
Since 2006 dinoflagellate abundance has decreased and diatom abundance has increased
- Due to increased sea temperature
- Largest regional change in the North Sea
Diatoms associated with more turbulent conditions
- Climate change -> more windy conditions -> kinetic energy of sea increases
Boyd et al. 2015
Surface nitrate concentrations predicted to decline globally due to climate change increasing stratification
- Most prominent in the subtropical and tropical Pacific
Moore et al. 2013
Different nutrients needed for different processes - which should be prioritised when trying to mitigate climate change?
Wong et al. 2011
Habitats with hard emergent or biogenic structures have higher secondary production than those lacking substrate
- Oyster reef = highest secondary production/area
Beaugrand et al 2002
Changes in zooplankton assemblages = indicator for whole ecosystem changes
- Significant poleward shift for all species
Genner et al. 2010
Spring spawning reproductive phenology dependent on November-December temperature
- Cooler -> earlier winter migration -> earlier maturation -> earlier spawning
- Warmer -> later winter migration -> later maturation -> later spawning
Summer spawning reproductive phenology dependent on March temperature
- Warmer -> faster development -> earlier spawning
Flounder in estuaries migrate offshore to reproduce
- Warm year -> later migration -> later spawning
Myers et al. 2003
Biomass of fish decrease by 80% within first 15 years of industrial fishing
Gulf of Thailand lost 60% of large finfish, sharks and skates in first 5 years of industrial trawling
Rooker et al. 2006
Determined trophic level of Sargassum-associated species + identified Sargassum is used as a habitat, not a food source
- Food web supported by phytoplankton
Sargassum has high levels of polyphenols to act as a chemical defense against grazers
Wilson et al. 2006
Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) feed in Ningaloo Reef March-June
- Euphasiids and bait fish
- Protected when in Australian waters
Rhincodon typus targetted in Indonesia - at risk when migrating through Indian Ocean
Migrate to follow food source
1% of time below 300m, deepest dive 1000m
- Eurythermal
Metcalfe et al. 2011
Water is dynamic, habitats instable -> fish constantly adapting to new conditions
Plaice use tidal movements to migrate up to 25km/day
- Bury in sand when tide is going in opposite direction to desired destination
- Use of tide -> reduced energy cost of swimming
Evans et al. 2016
Coral triangle in Indo-Pacific = centre of accumulation, origin and survival
Over 2000 coral reef associated fish species here
Mumby et al. 2004
Mangrove forrests = one of most threatened tropical ecosystems
- Global loss >35%
Largest herbivorous fish (Scarus glacamaia (rainbow parrot fish)) depends on mangroves
- Mangrove removal -> local extinction
Biomass of blue striped grunt (Haemulon sciurus) is 25 times bigger in mangrove-rich areas
Connell 1961
Detailed competition between mussels on rocky shores
Chthalamus more abundant when balanus removed
Competition = lower determinant for Chthalamus
- Tolerant of a wider range of distribution than it actually lives in due to being outcompeted
Tomanek et al. 2002
Rocky shores have very clear zonation
Determined by competition and physical factors
Paine 1974
Mytilus californianus has constant upper limits on rocky shore - determined by physical characteristics
- lower limit is predictable - determined by predation by starfish (pisaster ochraceus)
Attrill and Rundle 2002
Ecotone = rapid change - Narrow zone of gradient between two homogenous environments - Sharpest = nature with humans Ecocline = gradual change - More stable than ecotones - Less stressful
Estuaries = two ecoclines
Shore et al. 1995
Sea grasses rely on water currents for pollination
- At huge risk due to human activities alterring water quality - run-off, sewage disposal, pollution etc.
Mermilld-Blondin et al. 2004
Bacterial abundance is higher when C. volutator and N. diversicolor are present
- Release nutrients from the sediment
- Increase surface area of sediment by creating burrows
Arrigo et al. 2008
2007 summer Arctic ice minimum 23% lower than previous low
- Largest single year drop on record
Reduced sea ice extent -> wave action increases -> coastal erosion increases
Peck 2001
Antarctic ectotherms = stenothermal
- Evolved in very constant environment - fluctuations only 3C
Maximum sustainable swimming speed of fish in Antarctic and Tropics is very similar due to compensation in Antarctic fish by having more mitochondria
- No compensation for burst swimming - slower than in Tropics
Van Dover et al. 2002
Food webs at hydrothermal vents + cold seeps supported by chemoautotrophic production
Vesicomyid clams first diversified at cold seeps
400 species have been described from hydrothermal vents
Christensen et al. 2003
Biomass of high trophic level fishes has declined by one third 1950-1999
Fishing intensity for high trophic fishes tripled 1900s-1950s + remained unsustainably high since then
Jennings and Blanchard 2004
North Sea fishes 4-16kg declined in biomass by 97.4%
16-66kg 99.2% lower biomass
Pauly 1998
Mean trophic level of fishery catches declined 1950-1994
Piscivorous -> planktivorous
Worm et al. 2006
Species rich systems are more stable and deliver more reliable services
Huijbers et al. 2012
French grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum) born on coral reef -> develops to juvenile in open ocean -> migrates to coral rubble settlement -> seagrass -> mangrove -> coral reef - Receptive to different cues at different life stages
Siebeck et al. 2010
Ambon damselfish (Pomacentrus amboienenisi) attack conspecifics invading territory more often than heterospecifics
- Able to recognise conspecifics by their UV pattern
- Fine scale UV patterns invisible to most predators -> communication without compromising camouflage colour and getting eaten
Simpson et al. 2011
Crustaceans use acoustic cues to locate coral reefs
High density of shrimps, urchins + fish -> coral reefs very loud!
Long term exposure to novel sounds -> fish become attracted
- Maladaptive
- Long term effects of anthropogenic noise pollution
Vermeij et al. 2010
First description of Cnidarian auditory response
Coral larvae attracted to reef sounds
Chemical compounds important but do not travel far - used in closer proximity
Wale et al. 2013
Ship noise disrupts feeding of Carcinus maenas but does not affect time taken to find food
Carcinus maenas slower to find shelter in the presence of a predator
Hadfield 2000
Eclosion = emergence from metamorphosis structure
During metamorphosis individuals are helpless - at risk of predation, grazing or burial
- Cannot move or feed
-> Strong selective pressure to metamorphose quickly
Quickest known metamorphosis = 20 minutes
Marshall and Keough 2003
Non-feeding larvae generally less discriminating in settlement substrate than feeding larvae
- Limited by resources -> more desperate to settle
In the absence of settlement cues, larger larvae continue swimming for longer than smaller larvae
Marshall and Morgan 2011
When externally fertilised up to 95% of eggs may be fertilised
Pechenik 1979
Most larvae of benthic marine invertebrates are able to prolong settlement
Egg mass jelly of Axiothella mucosa = culture for diatoms -> food source for embryos
Dickson et al. 2000
Amount of red muscle (g) increased exponentially with fork length in tuna
Red muscle mass increase -> heat production increase
Lotterhos 2010
Described methods of broadcast spawning in marine systems
Levins 1968
Principle of allocation
Buckling et al. 2009
Species that reproduce sexually evolve more quickly
