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Histology Exam 2 > Specialized CT > Flashcards

Specialized CT Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage is ____ (avascular/vascular).

A

avascular; also contains nutrients & waste pass in and out of cells through matrix

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2
Q

Function of Cartilage

A

support soft tissues; guide the development of long bones

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3
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Location of Hyaline

A

articular ends of long bones in adults, walls of respiratory system, ventral ends of ribs, *temporary skeleton for the fetus until replaced with bone

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5
Q

Contents of Hyaline Cartilage Matrix (name the specific GAGs and glycoprotein)

A

homogenous, amorphous ground substance of proteoglycan aggregates (chondroitin/ keratan sulfate/hyaluronic acid) and chondronectin (glycoprotein) embedded Type II collagen

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6
Q

Territorial (capsular) Matrix

A

area adjacent to chondrocytes; low in collagen, but high [glycosaminoglycans]

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7
Q

Staining of Territorial Matrix

A

stains more intensely with PAS than interterritorial matrix due to sulfate groups on proteoglycans; basophilic and metachromatic

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8
Q

Perichondrium

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding hyaline cartilage EXCEPT at articular surfaces

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9
Q

Layers of Periochondrium

A

Outer fibrous- Type I collagen, fibroblasts, blood vessels. Inner fibrous- chondrogenic cells

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10
Q

Function of Periochondrium

A

provides blood supply to avascular cartilage

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11
Q

Chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae of matrix

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12
Q

Chondrocytes develop from ___ cells into ____ (produce matrix).

A

chondrogenic; chondroblasts; once cells are totally surrounded by matrix = chondrocytes

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13
Q

Isogenous Groups of Chondrocytes

A

groups of 2-8 cells that stay in same lacunae once they divide

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14
Q

Description of Elastic Cartilage

A

perichondrium similar to hyaline; matrix contains elastic fibers giving it a yellowish color; less prone to degeneration than hyaline

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15
Q

Location of Elastic Cartilage

A

where flexible support is required (e.g., external ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, larynx)

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16
Q

Fibrocartilage (does/does not) have perichondrium.

A

no perichondrium

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17
Q

Contents of Fibrocartilage

A

alternating rows of fibroblast-derived chondrocytes & thick bundles of Type I collagen; chondrocytes may align along lines of stress

18
Q

Location of Fibrocartilage

A

where support & tensile strength are needed in conjunction with hyaline, other fibrous tissues, or both (e.g., IV disks, articular disks, pubic symphysis, tendon and ligament insertions, knee joint menisci)… don’t confuse with dense irregular CT!

19
Q

Contents of Bone

A

calcified extracellular matrix w/ osteocytes embedded in matrix

20
Q

Functions of Bone

A

body wall protection, supports soft structures, provides Ca2+ reserve (99% of body’s calcium); dynamic to deal with biomechanical forces

21
Q

Contents of Bone Matrix

A

primarily hydroxyapatite crystals; inorganic (calcified) portion- calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium; minerals are 50% of dry weight; organic portion- 95 % Type I collagen, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate

22
Q

Bone Types

A

Primary (immature, woven)- first bones in fetal development & bone repair, lower mineral content than secondary Secondary (mature, lamellar)

23
Q

Types of Secondary Bone

A

Compact- dense, outer portion. Spongy- meshwork of trabeculae in interior

24
Q

Organization of Compact Bone

A

outer circumferential lamellae underneath periosteum–> circles of haversian canal systems (osteons) connected to each other by Volkmann’s canals–> inner circumferential lamella adjacent to marrow cavity in center

25
Q

Bone Periosteum

A

layer of noncalcified CT covering bone on external surfaces, EXCEPT at synovial articulations. outer layer is fibrous dense collagenous; inner layer is cellular (osteogenic) layer

26
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers

A

Type I collagen; attaches periosteum to bone

27
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin specialized CT; lines marrow cavities; source of osteoprogenitor cells & osteoblasts for bone growth and repair

28
Q

Canaliculi

A

fluid filled microchannels in bone that allow osteocytes to communicate

29
Q

Haversian Canals

A

contain blood vessels to conduct blood flow in bone

30
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

inner layer of periosteum & endosteal cells that line marrow cavity; flattened/spindle shaped; can differentiate into osteoblasts

31
Q

Osteoblasts

A

secrete collagen, ground substance, osteoid (unmineralized bone)- regulates mineralization of bone; cuboidal/polygonal in shape- found as single layer in regions where bone is being formed

32
Q

Osteocytes

A

maintain bone matrix- to a limited extent can both synthesize & resorb matrix; reside in lacuna; communicate via processes that extend through canaliculi & gap junctions

33
Q

Osteoclasts

A

multinucleated; acidophilic; macrophage lineage (phagocytic); resorb bone/release lysosomes into extracellular space

34
Q

Howship’s Lacuna

A

depression in bone created by osteoclast; cell seals off area, acidifies and secretes acid hydrolases to resorb bone

35
Q

Osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mass; primarily in old age because of diminished secretion of growth hormone; in immobile patients because lack of physical stress on bone; in postmenopausal women because of diminished estrogen secretion

36
Q

Osteomalacia

A

due to calcium deficiency in adults, deficient calcification of newly formed bone & decalcification of calcified bone; maybe severe in pregnancy- requirements of fetus may cause calcium losses from mother

37
Q

Rickets

A

Osteomalacia for kids! Primarily due to Vitamin D deficiency (as we have now seen a zillion times), but calcium deficiency can be contributing factor; usually accompanied by deformation of bone spicules in epiphyseal plate = slower bone growth and bone deformation

38
Q

Acromegaly

A

excess pituitary growth hormone in adults; thick bones in the extremities and in parts of the facial skeleton

39
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

bone remodeling not functioning properly; bone is abnormally shaped, enlarged, not as dense, prone to breaks

40
Q

___ are embedded in cartilage extracellular matrix.

A

Chondrocytes

41
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

between dense connective tissue and hyaline

42
Q

Bone periosteum distributes ___ to bone.

A

blood vessels

Histology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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