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Histology Exam 2 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima, media, and adventitia

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2
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

smaller vessels running through large blood vessels (adventitia and outer part of the media) ; veins have more ;

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3
Q

Nervi vascularis

A

nerves in large blood vessels

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4
Q

Tunica intima

A

endothelium + underlying subendothelial CT; includes internal elastic lamina in larger vessels

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5
Q

Tunica media

A

primarily smooth muscle cells & also external elastic lamina (when it’s there LOL)

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6
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

fibroelastic connective tissue (dense irregular CT w small amounts of elastic fibers)

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7
Q

Types of arteries

A

large (elastic), medium (muscular), small (arterioles)

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8
Q

Elastic (conducting) arteries

A

conduct blood to muscular arteries; aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, & common iliac arteries

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9
Q

Intima of elastic arteries

A

elastic fibers; subendothelial layer of loose CT contains collagen & elastic fibers & fibroblasts

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10
Q

Muscular (distributing) arteries

A

deliver blood to organs (.5mm- 1cm)

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11
Q

Intima of muscular arteries

A

thinner than that of elastic arteries; well developed internal elastic lamina; subendothelial CT lacks smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

Muscular artery media

A

up to 40 circular layers of smooth muscle interspersed with elastic fibers; thick external elastic lamina at edge

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13
Q

Muscular artery adventitia

A

MAY BE as thick as media; collagen and elastic fibers

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14
Q

Media of elastic arteries

A

thick (approx 500 um…(doesn’t seem very thick to me)) of 40-70 concentric elastic sheets

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15
Q

Adventitia of elastic arteries

A

thin; elastic & collagen fiber; no distinct external elastic lamina

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

diameter less than .5 mm; very sparse sub-endothelial CT; internal elastic lamina may or may not be present- consists of a network of fibers that may not be visible at the LM level (can see with PAS)

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17
Q

Arteriole media

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscles cells with occasional elastic fibers

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18
Q

arteriole adventitia

A

layer of loose CT w longitudinally arranged collagenous and elastic fibers

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19
Q

Capillaries

A

single layer of endothelial cells; 7-10 um diameter; surrounded by thin sheath of reticular and collagenous fibers and some pericytes

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20
Q

Pericytes

A

mesenchymal- like stem cells; can differentiate into fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

Continuous (somatic) capillary

A

continuous endothelium and basal lamina - no fenestrae; numerous pinocytotic vesicles (for transcytosis)

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22
Q

Location of continuous capillaries

A

muscle, CT, CNS, exocrine pancreas, gonads; have tight junction (occluding junction) that contributes to blood-brain barrier in CNS

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23
Q

Fenestrated (visceral) capillary

A

attenuated endothelium with large 60-80 nm fenestrae- closed by thin (4-6 nm) diaphragms; continuous basal lamina

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24
Q

Location of fenestrated capillaries

A

mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal, kidney (glomerular & peritubular capillaries) choroid plexus, & ciliary body

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25
Q

Fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries have no ____.

A

diaphragms

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26
Q

Location of discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillary

A

liver and hemopoietic organs (bone marrow, spleen)

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27
Q

Discontinuous capillary

A

large (30-50 um); irregular, tortuous walls; wide gaps between cells = incomplete basal lamina

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28
Q

Veins and their layers!!! yayy!!!

A

start as venules (12 um- 1mm)
intima = endothelial cells
media= 1-2 layers of smooth m. cells
adventitia = several layers of collagen fibers

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29
Q

Postcapillary venules

A

receive blood from capillaries; important site of activity in inflammation; 12-50 um

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30
Q

Vasoactive compounds of postcapillary venules

A

Histamine and serotonin affect fluid extravasation and migration of white blood cells

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31
Q

Muscular venules

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle and thin t. adventitia; no pericytes

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32
Q

Vein layers (for small to medium size veins = 1-9 mm)

A

intima may have a thin subendothelial CT layer
media= thin; some reticular and elastic fibers interspersed with smooth m. cells
adventitia = well developed; multiple layers of collagenous fibers with a few smooth m. cells and elastic fibers

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33
Q

Large veins and layers!

A

superior and inferior vena cava and portal trunk; intima is similar to small veins; thin media; thick adventitia w colalgenous fibers and longitudinal arranged smooth m. cells

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34
Q

venous valves

A

in small to medium size veins; prevent retrograde blood flow (primarily in lower limbs); paired, semilunar folds of the intima

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35
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses

A

connections primarily between arterioles & venules; specialized tunica media with a sphincter

36
Q

function of open shunt in anastomoses

A

blood bypasses the capillary bed & flows into a vein

37
Q

function of closed shunt in anastomose

A

arterial blood flows into the capillary bed

38
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

in some microvascular beds which control the amount of blood flowing into the capillary

39
Q

Lymphatic substances

A

plasma proteins, fluid, enzymes, lipids, antibodies, hormones, and other macromolecules that leak from blood vessels and bathe tissues and interstitial spaces

40
Q

Lymph system

A

scavenges fluid that is then filtered by lymph nodes and recycled back into the venous circulation at the base of the neck

41
Q

Lacteals

A

important route of fat absorption in the intestine

42
Q

Lymph vessels

A

endothelial lined; lymph flows only in the direction toward the base of the neck; originate in CT as closed-end anastomosing capillaries; 10-50 um in diameter; paired cusp valves present to prevent back flow of lymph

43
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

HAVE NO BASAL LAMINA

44
Q

No lymphatic system in…

A

CNS and bone marrow

45
Q

Mechanism for holding smaller vessels open

A

fine anchoring filaments attached to perivascular collagen

46
Q

Larger vessel layers

A

may have intima, media, and adventitia like blood vessels but may be difficult to discern at the light microscopic level

47
Q

Main thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct structure (smooth muscle or nah?)

A

structurally similar to veins, with smooth muscle present (contractile); up to 5 mm in diameter

48
Q

skeletal m. lymphatics are only in ___.

A

perimysium

49
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

foam cell (lipid laden macrophage) formation & fatty deposits in intima- may block vessel

50
Q

Restenosis

A

smooth m. cell proliferation that follows angioplasty procedure- may occlude vessel

51
Q

Aneurysm

A

ballooning out of artery- weakness in arterial wall (Ehlers-Danos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome)

52
Q

Varicose veins

A

tortuous, dilated veins, primarily in legs of older persons; caused by decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves

53
Q

Prostacyclin

A

produced from arachidonic acid by endothelial cells; inhibit platelet adhesion & clot formation

54
Q

Endothelial cell secretions

A

nitric oxide = causes smooth m. in the t. media to relax = vasodilation and en
endothelin-1 = vasoconstrictor

55
Q

Cytokines

A

macrophages in surrounding connective tissue secrete them to induce expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells; neutrophils bind to selectins and then extravasate by migration through the endothelium= inflammatory cell regulation

56
Q

Maternal- fetal circulation

A

no maternal blood is exchanged w a fetus, only materials carried in blood; exchange occurs at the interface where the umbilical cord fuses with the uterine walls (placenta)

57
Q

Fetal side of circulator exchange wall

A

Syntrophoblast, consists of an outer layer of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts (underlined) :)

58
Q

Heart Tunics (layers) equivalents to blood vessel layers

A
  1. endocardium = inner layer / intima
  2. myocardium = media
  3. epicardium = adventitia (outer coat)
59
Q

Endocardium

A

lined by endothelium; continuous with blood vessels that enter and leave the heart
subendothelial layer- fine collagenous fibers, thin layer of dense fibroelastic connective tissue and then a subendocardial layer of loose CT connected to the myocardium

60
Q

Subendocardial CT

A

contains blood vessels, nerves, portions of the impulse-conducting system (Purkinje fibers)

61
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac m. tissue!

arranged into deep and superficial layers in the ventricles

62
Q

Superficial layer

A

spiral course around the ventricle

63
Q

Deep layer

A

circular course around ventricle

64
Q

Epicardium outer coat

A

formed by mesothelial cells; * the visceral layer of the serous pericardium = epicardial mesothelium

65
Q

underneath the mesothelium …

A

subepicardial layer of loose CT and adipose tissue - contains the coronary blood vessels and nerves!

66
Q

Fibrous skeleton

A

composed of dense irregular connective tissue

67
Q

septum membranaceum

A

fibrous portion of the interventricular septum

68
Q

annuli fibrosi

A

fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals

69
Q

Trigona fibrosa

A

fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals

70
Q

Annuli around atrioventricular orifices results in ___.

A

electrical discontinuity between myocardial cells of atria and ventricles; controls communication between them via specialized conduction tissue (AV bundle)

71
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and mitral (doesn’t it feel good to know things?!); connected to papillary m. of the ventricles by fibrous cords (chordae tendinae)

72
Q

semilunar valves

A

between ventricles, aorta, pulmonary artery

73
Q

CT of valves

A

both dense and loose CT layers surrounded by endothelium

74
Q

SA nodes

A

pacemaker of the heart; contains modified cardiac m. cells concentrically arranged around a nodal artery; impulse spreads form this node via specialized conduction fibers to the AV node

75
Q

AV node

A

lies beneath the endocardium of the septal wall of the right atrium; cells similar to SA node; continues to form AV bundle of His (H-I-S)…not piss

76
Q

Bundle of His (H-I-S)

A

formed by Purkinje fibers- penetrate skeleton of heart then branch to form right and left bundle branches

77
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

modified m. cells filled w glycogen; travel in the subendocardial layer to the heart apex- then reverse direction and branch to make contact and form gap junctions w cardia m. cells

78
Q

Parasympathetic nerves to heart

A

from vagus nerve (ugh, amateur hour); slow heart

79
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

ACCELERATE HEART BEAT!!!!!!!!

80
Q

Polypeptide hormones

A

from atrial cardiac m. cells & some cells in the interventricular septum (cardiac endocrine cells): ANP gene makes 4 different hormones

81
Q

4 Hormones of cardiac endocrine cells

A

1) long acting natriuretic (sodium) peptide
2) vessel dilator
3) kaliuretic (potassium) peptide
4) ANP

82
Q

ANP

A

atrial natriuretic peptide; released from modified atrial m. cells in response to high blood pressure. primary effect is to increase sodium and H20 secretion from kidney

83
Q

Postcapillary venules have an incomplete layer of ___.

A

Pericytes; becomes more complete as vessel gets larger (this was in blue so that might mean it’s relatively important… but only relatively);

84
Q

What are muscular arteries innervated by?

A

innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

85
Q

Fenestrae

A

small pores in endothelial cells that allow for rapid exchange of molecules between fenestrated blood vessels

Histology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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