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Histology Exam 2 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

Skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis); hair, nails, glands, cutaneous nerves

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2
Q

Integument Functions

A

1) Protection- mechanical, thermal , chemical UV radiation, dehydration
2) Thermoregulation- vascular network in dermis, sweat glands
3) Sensory- touch, temperature, pain
4) Metabolic- Vitamin D synthesis in epidermis, energy storage (fat in hypodermis)
5) Excretion of excess water, salt, nitrogenous metabolic wastes through sweat

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3
Q

Thick Skin

A

palms of hands and soles of feet; no hair follicles

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4
Q

Thin Skin

A

skin other than palms and soles; thinner epidermis and hair follicles, but some exceptions

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5
Q

Epidermis (epith. cell type/ composition)

A

stratified squamous ep. cells = keratinocytes (produce keratin)

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6
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

stratum 1) basale (germinativum) 2) spinosum 3) granulosum 4) lucidum 5) corneum

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7
Q

Stratum Basale

A

single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells; mitotic figures; intermediate filaments (10 nm tonofilaments); desmosomes on lateral and upper surface, hemidesmosomes bind cells to basal lamina

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8
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

cuboidal, polygonal, slightly flattened; mitotic figures; intermediate filaments; terminate with desmosomes; accumulate FIBRILLAR protein (cytokeratin)- aggregate to form tonofibrils (visible w/ LM)

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9
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells; cytoplasm has basophilic keratohyaline granules and oval/rod-like lamellar granules visible by TEM

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10
Q

Lamellar granules of S. granulosum

A

(keratinosomes) formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membrane & discharge contents into intercellular space of S. granulosum

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11
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

only in thick skin, but not always evident; thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells; NO organelles or nuclei evident; contain eleidin

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12
Q

eleidin

A

transformation product of keratohyalin in st. lucidum

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13
Q

stratum corneum

A

15-20 layers of flattened nonnucleated cells filled with keratin

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14
Q

squames

A

dead, flattened cells

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15
Q

epidermis skin healing

A

surrounding basal cells migrate and divide to cover the wound

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16
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A = factor needed for keratinocyte differentiation, required for proper skin healing

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17
Q

1st degree burn

A

extends to s. lucidum

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18
Q

2nd degree burn

A

extends to s. basale

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19
Q

3rd degree burn

A

extends into dermis

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20
Q

Filaggrin

A

protein aggregates keratin filaments

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21
Q

Keratinocytes in s. granulosum

A

glycolipids secreted to form lipid layer on the outside of the cell membrane

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22
Q

Keratinocytes in s. corneum

A

a protein complex of involucrin, small proline-rich, proteins, and loricin complex with keratin-filagrin aggregates and link to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane

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23
Q

Melanocytes origin

A

from neural crest cells; present in s. basale, rest on b. lamina and send cell processes into the s. spinosum

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24
Q

Melanocytes function

A

pigment producing; distribute melanin to other cells & hair via processes (cytocrine secretion); pigment granules are exocytosed and are endocytosed by keratinocytes

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25
Melanin formation occurs within ___ (derived from ____).
melanosomes; Golgi
26
Addison's Disease
lack of cortisol from adrenal cortex-->overproduction of ACTH-->increase skin pigmentation
27
Albinism
melanocytes don't make melanin; vision problems due to abnormal retina development & abnormal nerve connections between the eye & brain
28
Vitiligo
melanocytes are destroyed- patchy pigmentation
29
Langerhans' cell shape and location
"star shaped"- mainly in s. spinosum, occasionally in dermis near blood vessels
30
Derivation of Langerhans' cells
bone marrow (macrophage lineage)
31
Function of Langerhans' cells
- have Fc and complement C3 receptors - can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes & present antigens to T cells - differentiate into activated dendritic cells
32
Langerhans' cells do not form ___ attachments with other cells.
desmosomal
33
Birbeck or vermiform granules
unique membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granules that contain proteins (langerin) necessary for antigen uptake (in Langerhan's cells)
34
Merkel's Cells
tactile epithelioid cell associated with sensory nerve ending; two-point discrimination; primarily in thick skin
35
Merkel's cytoplasm
small dense granules- may be related to catecholamine containing granules of neurosecretory cells
36
Base of Merkel's cell contact
peripheral neuron terminal (sensory receptors)
37
Merkel's cell carcinoma
when merkel's cells become cancerous; may be associated with polyoma virus
38
Dermis Function
composed of CT that supports epidermis & binds it to the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
39
Dermal papillae
how surface dermis interdigitates with epidermis
40
Epidermal ridges/ rete ridges
epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae; epidermis extensions into dermis
41
Anchoring fibrils
collagenous extensions from basal lamina & terminate in anchoring plaques to bind the dermis to the epidermis
42
Papillary layer of dermis
outermost layer (loose CT) of dermis ; fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages may be present
43
Reticular layer of dermis
composed of dense irregular CT; thicker that papillary layer
44
Components of dermis
follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands, nerves; extensive capillary network in the papillary layer functions in thermoregulation
45
Hypodermis
deeper continuation of dermis; primarily loose CT and adipose tissue; PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
46
Hair follicle
invagination of epidermis; terminates in hair bulb
47
Making of hair bulb and root
dermal papilla project into hair bulb; epidermal cells covering the dermal papilla for the hair root-->hair shaft
48
Hair Medulla
cells at the apex of dermal papilla produce large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells --> hair medulla
49
Hair Cortex
cells around papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells
50
Cells more peripheral to the hair root produce the ___.
Hair cuticle
51
most peripheral root cells
Internal and external root sheath
52
glassy membrane
hair follicle separated from the dermis by a thickened basal lamina
53
arrector pili
smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle connective tissue sheath
54
sebaceous glands
not found on palms and soles; holocrine glands
55
Acini
basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells on basal lamina; as cells proliferate and differentiate, gland acini fills with cells containing fat droplets and nuclei become pyknotic, cells burst and release contents
56
Sebum
dead cells + cell contents in sebaceous glands
57
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
eccrine (merocrine); simple coiled tubular gland; duct opens onto skin surface; receive cholinergic nerve fibers; the secretory portion is in dermis
58
cells of sweat gland
myoepithelial (contractile), dark, and clear
59
Dark cells of sweat gland
mucoid, pyramidal; secrete glycoproteins
60
Clear cells of sweat gland
devoid of secretory granules; abundant glycogen; secrete water & electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi
61
non-viscous secretion of sweat gland contains...
little protein, contains water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, uric acid (ultrafiltrate of plasma)
62
Location of apocrine glands
axillary, areolar, and anal regions
63
Apocrine gland secretion
only one kind of secretory cell; secretion is viscous and protein rich; APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS HAVE A MEROCRINE MECHANISM ODF SECRETION (that was underlined)
64
Composition of nails
plates of keratinized epithelial cells
65
Eponychium
= cuticle. stratum corneum of the epithelium covering the nail root
66
Nail bed
contains only s. basale and s. spinosum; nail plate rests here
67
Nail matrix
extends from the nail root to the lunula (white crescent and the base of the nail); nail plate arises from the nail matrix
68
Liver spots
not related to the liver (that's frustrating...) just a good ole' freckle due to being in the sun
69
actinic keratosis
precancerous condition; thick scaly patches of skin
70
basal cell carcinoma
90% of all skin cancers; slow growing & treatable if found early
71
squamous cell carcinoma
often develop from sun damaged areas (actinic keratosis due to sun damage)
72
malignant melanoma
derived from melanocytes; hard to treat once metastasized
73
psoriasis
immune mediated, genetic disease; red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia; often associated with joint problems (psoriatic arthritis)
74
How long does it take epidermal keratinocytes to mature?
25-50 days
75
Epidermal epithelial cells accumlate more ___ as they migrate from ___.
keratin; basal layer
76
Product discharged by lamella granules of s. granulosum
glycolipid (acylglucoceramide)- serves as a penetration barrier to foreign materials & to maintain hydration of the body
77
What enzyme is needed for melanin synthesis?
tyrosinase
78
Specific granules in Langerhans' cells
Birbeck/vermiform granules
79
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
pressure/vibration sensors... (that look like onions on pizza from puccini's) are found at dermis-hypodermis junction
80
Innervation of apocrine gland secretion
adrenergic innervation

Histology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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