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Histology Exam 2 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

Skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis); hair, nails, glands, cutaneous nerves

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2
Q

Integument Functions

A

1) Protection- mechanical, thermal , chemical UV radiation, dehydration
2) Thermoregulation- vascular network in dermis, sweat glands
3) Sensory- touch, temperature, pain
4) Metabolic- Vitamin D synthesis in epidermis, energy storage (fat in hypodermis)
5) Excretion of excess water, salt, nitrogenous metabolic wastes through sweat

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3
Q

Thick Skin

A

palms of hands and soles of feet; no hair follicles

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4
Q

Thin Skin

A

skin other than palms and soles; thinner epidermis and hair follicles, but some exceptions

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5
Q

Epidermis (epith. cell type/ composition)

A

stratified squamous ep. cells = keratinocytes (produce keratin)

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6
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

stratum 1) basale (germinativum) 2) spinosum 3) granulosum 4) lucidum 5) corneum

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7
Q

Stratum Basale

A

single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells; mitotic figures; intermediate filaments (10 nm tonofilaments); desmosomes on lateral and upper surface, hemidesmosomes bind cells to basal lamina

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8
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

cuboidal, polygonal, slightly flattened; mitotic figures; intermediate filaments; terminate with desmosomes; accumulate FIBRILLAR protein (cytokeratin)- aggregate to form tonofibrils (visible w/ LM)

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9
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells; cytoplasm has basophilic keratohyaline granules and oval/rod-like lamellar granules visible by TEM

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10
Q

Lamellar granules of S. granulosum

A

(keratinosomes) formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membrane & discharge contents into intercellular space of S. granulosum

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11
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

only in thick skin, but not always evident; thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells; NO organelles or nuclei evident; contain eleidin

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12
Q

eleidin

A

transformation product of keratohyalin in st. lucidum

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13
Q

stratum corneum

A

15-20 layers of flattened nonnucleated cells filled with keratin

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14
Q

squames

A

dead, flattened cells

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15
Q

epidermis skin healing

A

surrounding basal cells migrate and divide to cover the wound

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16
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A = factor needed for keratinocyte differentiation, required for proper skin healing

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17
Q

1st degree burn

A

extends to s. lucidum

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18
Q

2nd degree burn

A

extends to s. basale

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19
Q

3rd degree burn

A

extends into dermis

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20
Q

Filaggrin

A

protein aggregates keratin filaments

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21
Q

Keratinocytes in s. granulosum

A

glycolipids secreted to form lipid layer on the outside of the cell membrane

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22
Q

Keratinocytes in s. corneum

A

a protein complex of involucrin, small proline-rich, proteins, and loricin complex with keratin-filagrin aggregates and link to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane

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23
Q

Melanocytes origin

A

from neural crest cells; present in s. basale, rest on b. lamina and send cell processes into the s. spinosum

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24
Q

Melanocytes function

A

pigment producing; distribute melanin to other cells & hair via processes (cytocrine secretion); pigment granules are exocytosed and are endocytosed by keratinocytes

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25
Q

Melanin formation occurs within ___ (derived from ____).

A

melanosomes; Golgi

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26
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

lack of cortisol from adrenal cortex–>overproduction of ACTH–>increase skin pigmentation

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27
Q

Albinism

A

melanocytes don’t make melanin; vision problems due to abnormal retina development & abnormal nerve connections between the eye & brain

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28
Q

Vitiligo

A

melanocytes are destroyed- patchy pigmentation

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29
Q

Langerhans’ cell shape and location

A

“star shaped”- mainly in s. spinosum, occasionally in dermis near blood vessels

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30
Q

Derivation of Langerhans’ cells

A

bone marrow (macrophage lineage)

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31
Q

Function of Langerhans’ cells

A
  • have Fc and complement C3 receptors
  • can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes & present antigens to T cells
  • differentiate into activated dendritic cells
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32
Q

Langerhans’ cells do not form ___ attachments with other cells.

A

desmosomal

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33
Q

Birbeck or vermiform granules

A

unique membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granules that contain proteins (langerin) necessary for antigen uptake (in Langerhan’s cells)

34
Q

Merkel’s Cells

A

tactile epithelioid cell associated with sensory nerve ending; two-point discrimination; primarily in thick skin

35
Q

Merkel’s cytoplasm

A

small dense granules- may be related to catecholamine containing granules of neurosecretory cells

36
Q

Base of Merkel’s cell contact

A

peripheral neuron terminal (sensory receptors)

37
Q

Merkel’s cell carcinoma

A

when merkel’s cells become cancerous; may be associated with polyoma virus

38
Q

Dermis Function

A

composed of CT that supports epidermis & binds it to the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

39
Q

Dermal papillae

A

how surface dermis interdigitates with epidermis

40
Q

Epidermal ridges/ rete ridges

A

epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae; epidermis extensions into dermis

41
Q

Anchoring fibrils

A

collagenous extensions from basal lamina & terminate in anchoring plaques to bind the dermis to the epidermis

42
Q

Papillary layer of dermis

A

outermost layer (loose CT) of dermis ; fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages may be present

43
Q

Reticular layer of dermis

A

composed of dense irregular CT; thicker that papillary layer

44
Q

Components of dermis

A

follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands, nerves; extensive capillary network in the papillary layer functions in thermoregulation

45
Q

Hypodermis

A

deeper continuation of dermis; primarily loose CT and adipose tissue; PACINIAN CORPUSCLES

46
Q

Hair follicle

A

invagination of epidermis; terminates in hair bulb

47
Q

Making of hair bulb and root

A

dermal papilla project into hair bulb; epidermal cells covering the dermal papilla for the hair root–>hair shaft

48
Q

Hair Medulla

A

cells at the apex of dermal papilla produce large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells –> hair medulla

49
Q

Hair Cortex

A

cells around papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells

50
Q

Cells more peripheral to the hair root produce the ___.

A

Hair cuticle

51
Q

most peripheral root cells

A

Internal and external root sheath

52
Q

glassy membrane

A

hair follicle separated from the dermis by a thickened basal lamina

53
Q

arrector pili

A

smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle connective tissue sheath

54
Q

sebaceous glands

A

not found on palms and soles; holocrine glands

55
Q

Acini

A

basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells on basal lamina; as cells proliferate and differentiate, gland acini fills with cells containing fat droplets and nuclei become pyknotic, cells burst and release contents

56
Q

Sebum

A

dead cells + cell contents in sebaceous glands

57
Q

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

eccrine (merocrine); simple coiled tubular gland; duct opens onto skin surface; receive cholinergic nerve fibers; the secretory portion is in dermis

58
Q

cells of sweat gland

A

myoepithelial (contractile), dark, and clear

59
Q

Dark cells of sweat gland

A

mucoid, pyramidal; secrete glycoproteins

60
Q

Clear cells of sweat gland

A

devoid of secretory granules; abundant glycogen; secrete water & electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi

61
Q

non-viscous secretion of sweat gland contains…

A

little protein, contains water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, uric acid (ultrafiltrate of plasma)

62
Q

Location of apocrine glands

A

axillary, areolar, and anal regions

63
Q

Apocrine gland secretion

A

only one kind of secretory cell; secretion is viscous and protein rich; APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS HAVE A MEROCRINE MECHANISM ODF SECRETION (that was underlined)

64
Q

Composition of nails

A

plates of keratinized epithelial cells

65
Q

Eponychium

A

= cuticle. stratum corneum of the epithelium covering the nail root

66
Q

Nail bed

A

contains only s. basale and s. spinosum; nail plate rests here

67
Q

Nail matrix

A

extends from the nail root to the lunula (white crescent and the base of the nail); nail plate arises from the nail matrix

68
Q

Liver spots

A

not related to the liver (that’s frustrating…) just a good ole’ freckle due to being in the sun

69
Q

actinic keratosis

A

precancerous condition; thick scaly patches of skin

70
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

90% of all skin cancers; slow growing & treatable if found early

71
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

often develop from sun damaged areas (actinic keratosis due to sun damage)

72
Q

malignant melanoma

A

derived from melanocytes; hard to treat once metastasized

73
Q

psoriasis

A

immune mediated, genetic disease; red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia; often associated with joint problems (psoriatic arthritis)

74
Q

How long does it take epidermal keratinocytes to mature?

A

25-50 days

75
Q

Epidermal epithelial cells accumlate more ___ as they migrate from ___.

A

keratin; basal layer

76
Q

Product discharged by lamella granules of s. granulosum

A

glycolipid (acylglucoceramide)- serves as a penetration barrier to foreign materials & to maintain hydration of the body

77
Q

What enzyme is needed for melanin synthesis?

A

tyrosinase

78
Q

Specific granules in Langerhans’ cells

A

Birbeck/vermiform granules

79
Q

PACINIAN CORPUSCLES

A

pressure/vibration sensors… (that look like onions on pizza from puccini’s) are found at dermis-hypodermis junction

80
Q

Innervation of apocrine gland secretion

A

adrenergic innervation

Histology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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