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Biology Exams > Specialised cells & tissues > Flashcards

Specialised cells & tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Erythrocytes properties (3)

A
  • Flattened biconcave shape
  • No nuclei or many other organelles
  • Flexible
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2
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a flattened biconcave shape?

A

Increase surface area to volume ratio - transports oxygen around the body more efficiently

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3
Q

Why do erythrocytes have no nuclei or many other organelles?

A

Increases space available for haemoglobin

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4
Q

Why are erythrocytes flexible?

A

So they can fit through narrow capillaries

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5
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

A type of white blood cell

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6
Q

Neutrophils properties (2)

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus

- Granular cytoplasm containing many lysosomes

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7
Q

Why do neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus?

A

So they can squeeze through small gaps to reach the site of infection

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8
Q

Why do neutrophils have a granular cytoplasm containing many lysosomes?

A

Contains enzymes used to attack pathogens

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9
Q

Guard cells properties

A
  • Cell wall thicker on one side than the other

- Change shape depending on water/K ion levels

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10
Q

What do guard cells control?

A

The entry of CO2 and the exit of water and O2

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11
Q

What are stomata?

A

The small opening between guard cells

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12
Q

How do guard cells become turgid?

A

When the concentration of K ions within guard cells are high, water diffuses into the cells by osmosis, causing the cells to become turgid and have a large stomatal opening for CO2 to enter

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13
Q

How do guard cells become flaccid?

A

When the concentration of K ions within guard cells are low, water diffuses out of the cells by osmosis, causing the cells to become flaccid and the stomatal opening to close

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14
Q

Why do stomata close/guard cells become flaccid?

A

To prevent water loss. This can happen when water levels are low and at night (as CO2 is not needed for photosynthesis)

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15
Q

What is the effect of the inner cell wall being thicker in guard cells?

A

When water enters, the thinner outer walls expand which cause the thicker inner walls to draw out causing opening of stomata

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16
Q

Where do you find squamous epithelium?

A

In areas where rapid diffusion across a surface is essential, such as the linings of the lungs

17
Q

Why is squamous epithelium very thin?

A

Due to the flat cells that make it up, and because it is just one cell thick

18
Q

What is the function of squamous epithelium in the lungs?

A

To allow for rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood

19
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair like structures found on ciliated epithelial cells, that move in a rhythmic manner, sweeping mucus, dust and bacteria away (in the respiratory tract)

20
Q

What two structures are found on ciliated epithelium?

A

Cilia and goblet cells

21
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Release mucus, which traps and prevents any unwanted particles, which may be bacteria, from reaching the alveoli

22
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Single layer of closely packed cells covering the surface of plants. Stomata are present on the epidermis

23
Q

What is the epidermis often covered by and why?

A

It is often covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle, to reduce the loss of water

24
Q

What is xylem tissue responsible for?

A

The transport of water and minerals throughout the plant

25
Q

What is the xylem tissue made up of?

A

Elongated dead cells

26
Q

What is the xylem tissue strengthened by?

A

A waterproof material called lignin, which provides structural support for plnats

27
Q

What is phloem tissue responsible for?

A

The transport of organic nutrients from source to sink

28
Q

What is phloem tissue made up of?

A

Sieve tube cells, separated by sieve plates

29
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that are not adapted to any particular function, and have the potential to differentiate to become a specialised cell

30
Q

What happens once stem cells have become specialised?

A

They lose the ability to divide, and enter G0 of the cell cycle

31
Q

What are the 3 different levels of stem cell potency?

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent

32
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

Can differentiate into any type of cell- for example zygotes are totipotent

33
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

Can differentiate into any tissue type but not to form whole organisms- for example early embryos are pluripotent

34
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

Can only differentiate to form a certain range of cells- for example haematopoetic stem cells are multipotent as they can only produce various types of blood cells

35
Q

Where are erythrocytes and neutrophils produced from?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

36
Q

Where do stem cells come from in plants?

A

Meristematic tissue

37
Q

Where are xylem vessels and phloem

sieve tubes produced from?

A

Stem cells in meristems

Biology Exams (28 decks)

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