Specialised Cells

Question 1

Erythrocytes

Answer 1

Biconcave shape increase surface area for diffusion and increase flexibility to fit through capillaries
No nucleus for more space to transport oxygen

Question 2

Neutrophils

Answer 2

Lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm
Flexible to surround and engulf pathogens
Contains lysosome filled with lysozyme to digest pathogens

Question 3

Sperm cells

Answer 3

Flagellum contains many mitochondria to provide energy for movement
Acrosome in head contain digestive enzymes to digest wall of the egg cell

Question 4

Palisade cells

Answer 4

Contain many chloroplast to absorb and maximise light energy for photosynthesis
Thin cell walls to reduce diffusion distance of carbon dioxide

Question 5

Guard cells

Answer 5

Flexible walls which allow for cell to bend when turgid to open and close stomata to control transpiration

Question 6

Root hair cells

Answer 6

long projections to increase surface area for osmosis
Thin cell wall to reduce diffusion distance

Question 7

Squamous epithelia

Answer 7

Single layer of squamous cells in contact with basement membranes of epithelium
This provides short diffusion distance

Question 8

Cartilage

Answer 8

Structural support and stops bones from rubbing together and causing damage

Question 9

Xylem

Answer 9

Transport minerals and water made up of hollow dead cells
Lignin in walls to strengthen and waterproof walls

Question 10

Phloem

Answer 10

Lack most organelles to make transport easier
Companion cells provide resources for sieve tube element

Question 11

Totipotent cells

Answer 11

Differentiate into any cell
Found in mammalian embryo limited time
Translate only part of their dna resulting in specialisation

Question 12

Pluripotent cells

Answer 12

Differentiate into most cells
Found in embryos
Using to treat disorders but doesn’t usually work

Question 13

Multi and unipotent

Answer 13

Differentiate into limited number
Found in mature mammals
Multi can turn into different, uni can turn into one