Specialised cells Flashcards
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What are ciliated epithelial cells and their function? Explain how they’re adapted for their function.
The ciliated epithelial cells are one of the specialised cells that keeps the dust and pathogens (debris) away from our lungs. To be able to do that, they contain the hair-like cell membrane extensions called Cilia, which wafts and moves the mucus upto the throat where it can be swallowed. Also, the cilias are long and thin so that all of them can waft at the same time.
Explain briefly the job of palisade cell and their adaptation.
The job of palisade cell is to carry out the photosynthesis for the plants. They’re adapted for doing it, by being column-shaped, for maximum light absorptions, and containing abundant amount of chloroplasts. Also, they contain large vacoule that pushes the chloroplasts outside the cell, and contain thin cell walls to minimise the diffusion distance.
How are the root hair cells adapted to their function?
The root hair cells absorb minerals against the C.G, which means they need huge amounts of energy by having lots of mitochondria, many carrier proteins and having a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption.
. Which part of a sperm cell contains digestive enzymes?
. How are they adapted to penetrate the egg (ovum)?
. The acrosomes of a sperm cell contain digestive enzymes to be able to digest and penetrate the outer membrane of the egg.
. The sperm cells have a tail to be able to swim and reach the egg, and a lot of mitochondria for energy required to reach the egg.
Why are there a lot amount of cytoplasm in an ovum?
The eggs contain lot amount of cytoplasm which provides nutrients for the growth of the embryo.
Haploid nucleus so after fusing with sperm, creates diploid organism.
What are nerve cells and function? Why do they have a fatty sheath covered?
The nerve cells are specialised cells that conduct electrical messages up to the brain and from the brain. They have a fatty sheath covering the axon, which speeds up the electrical impulses.
Explain what is a stem cell and why they’re important. (2)
A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to divide into multiple cells many times while remaining undifferentiated, later the embryonic s.n. differentiate into any type of specialised cells. They can be used to treat many medical issues that humans have.
. Where are adult stem cells found?
. What type of cells can the A.S.C
differentiate into?
. In the bone marrow.
. The A.S.C can only differentiate into types
of blood cells - W.B.C, R.B.C, platelets…
Explain xylem
Xylems are long-hollow tubes whose job is to distribute nutrients to the plants. They’re adapted by having columns of dead xylem cells with no ends between them, which means there’s a continuous flow and free passage of water in them.
How can both embryonic and adult stem cells be used in medical use?
What are some drawbacks to each?
Advantages:
The use of embryonic stem cells could help a person who has any faulty cells, e.g. diabetes, paralysis, sickle cell anaemia.. by replacing those cells with the embryonic ones.
Disadvantages:
Since it’s embryonic, it’s proportionality is very limited and quite expensive to get, also the rejection by their immune system.
Advantages:
The use of adult stem cells would be more efficient, as they’re just taken from the patient itself and won’t cause any rejection. They can be used to fix the blood cell disorders, e.g. sickle cell anaemia.
Disadvantages:
These stem cells can only differentiate into types of B.C, so many other different faulty cells cannot be treated by them.
Explain the differentiation of a cell in the development of specialised cells. (3)
Once a cell becomes differentiated or developed into a specialised cell, it is able to perform a specific job in the multicellular organism, which are stem cells.
. Functions of cell wall and membrane
. Function of mitochondria
. function of chloroplasts and
. Function of vacuole in a plant cell.
. The cell wall supports and strengthens the plant cell, and the membrane regulates the entering and exiting of substances in the cell.
. The mitochondria carries out aerobic respiration, which means it uses the nutrients like oxygen + glucose and releases carbon dioxide + water to convert them into energy to be used by the body.
. The job of chloroplasts is to produce energy by photosynthesis and to make food from it for the plants.
. The vacuole stores food, water and other useful nutrients for the plant to use later.
