Special topics in cross-cultural psychology

Question 1

What is the functionality of morality and norm violators?

Answer 1

1. norm violators need to be reprimanded or excluded for survival of the group.
2. positive ingroup evaluation and identity.
3. group cohesiveness.
4. deviant members or ostracized.

Question 2

Explain the Heidt and Joseph framework of moral foundations.

Answer 2

There are 5 moral foundations: care and harm, fairness and cheating, loyalty and betrayal, authority and subversion, sanctity and degradation.
The environment determines how these moral foundations develop.

Question 3

What are the functions of religion?

Answer 3

1. meaning of life.
2. helps with social exclusion.
3. lowers risk for depressive symptoms.
4. increased happiness with social contacts.

Keep in mind the religion as social value hypothesis.

Question 4

Explain the importance of rituals.

Answer 4

Rituals are functional, recurring specific behaviours. Rituals can have positive effects during hardship. They can help you feel in control and increase social support.

Question 5

What is the difference between dignity cultures and honour cultures?

Answer 5

In dignity cultures, everyone is born with the same values.

In honour cultures, everyone value depends on their self-perception and the perception of others.

Question 6

What is the difficulty for honour cultures in terms of psychology?

Answer 6

1. honour is a cultural syndrome.
2. what are the actual processes?
3. what mechanisms underlie these differences?

Question 7

What factors are involved in radicalization?

Answer 7

1. personal grievance.
2. group grievance.
3. slippery slopes.
4. love.
   Radicalization vs terrorism: create fear.

Question 8

Explain deradicalization.

Answer 8

Radicalization: sensitivity, group membership and action.
Deradicalization: distance and change of values and ideals.