Acculturation and multiculturalism

Question 1

Who is in an acculturation setting?

Answer 1

Acculturation settings consist of two dimensions: voluntariness of contact and mobility. The following groups are involved in acculturation settings: ethnocultural groups, indigenous groups, immigrants and sojourners, refugees and asylum seekers.

Question 2

Explain the unidimensional conceptualization of acculturation (Gordon 1964).

Answer 2

There is a spectrum between cultural maintenance and cultural adoption. The more you adopt the host culture, the more you lose the heritage culture. This model implies that bicultural competence is impossible.

Question 3

Explain the multidimensional conceptualizations of acculturation.

Answer 3

There are two multidimensional models of acculturation.

1. Acculturation orientations (Berry): maintenance x adaption.
2. Fusion model (LaFramboise): maintenance x adaption x new culture.

Question 4

Explain the stability of attitudes towards multiculturalism.

Answer 4

A longitudinal study showed that these attitudes are relatively stable across time. The decrease after a major event, but they always bounce back.

Question 5

What are the methods in acculturation assessment?

Answer 5

1. one-statement method
2. two-statement method
3. four-statement method
4. vignettes

Question 6

Explain the state integration policies.

Answer 6

1. Pluralism: adopt public values, funding.
2. Civic ideology: adopt public values, no funding.
3. Assimilation ideology: adopt public values and abandon linguistic distinctiveness.
4. Ethnist ideology: adopt public values and minimize the expression of private values.

Question 7

What are the types of return migration?

Answer 7

1. Return of failure.
2. Return of conservatism.
3. Return of retirement.
4. Return of innovation.

Question 8

Explain the return immigration outcomes.

Answer 8

1. pre-remigration perception.
2. ‘Almanci’ stigmatization.
3. Generation differences.
4. Reacculturation.

Question 9

Explain the debate on veiling.

Answer 9

The debate about the legislation of veiling rest on the idea that veiling would be a form of oppression. However, women who veil themselves see the veil as liberating and as a marker of their identity. Consequently, women who veil themselves have a better body image and are less reliant on the media’s beauty ideals.