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Biosci107 > Special Topics > Flashcards

Special Topics Flashcards

Human reproduction and development, Protein Structure and Function, Skin

1
Q

What are the 3 layers formed through gastrulation, and when does this occur?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. This occurs at the end of week 2 start of week three (around day 3)

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2
Q

What are the 4 structures in the path of the sperm?

A
  1. Corona Radiata
  2. Zona Pellucida
  3. P.membrane of Secondary oocyte
  4. Cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sperm I need to know?

A
  1. Acrosomal Cap
  2. DNA in nucleus
  3. Tail
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4
Q

What is Capacitation?

A

Capacitation is the excitation of sperm caused by hormones and chemical signals released by oocyte. It send of Chemo and Thermotatic signals. This means the sperm swim harder and faster.

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5
Q

How many pronuclei are found right after fertilization?

A

2, a maternal and a paternal.

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6
Q

What is the First event after fertilization?

A

Cleavage

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7
Q

What day is the morula formed?

A

Day 4 after fertilization

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8
Q

What is the difference between a blastocyst and a morula

A

Blastocysts have differentiation between the trophoblasts and the embryoblasts. Morula all of the cells are the same.

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9
Q

What day does implantation occur?

A

Day 6

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10
Q

Label the events that happen at A to E

A

A. Fertilisation

B. Cleavage

C. Morula

D. Blastocyst formation

E. Implantation

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11
Q

What are the specialised functions of the Yolk Sac

A
  1. Primordial germ cells
  2. Protection, prevent drying out
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12
Q

What are A and B

A

A. Syncytiotrophoblast

B. Cytotrophoblast

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13
Q

Label A and B

A

A. Hypoblast

B. Epiblast

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14
Q

Label A, B and C

A

A. Amnion

B. Amniotic cavity

C. Extraembryonic mesoderm

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15
Q

Label A to E

A

A. Cytotrophoblast

B. Syncytiotrophoblast

C.Hypoblast

D. Lacunar networks

E. Maternal Sinusoids

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16
Q

Label A to H

A

A. Embryonic disc

B. Connecting Stalk

C. Amnion

D. Yolk Sac

E. Primitive streak

F. Ectoderm

G. Mesoderm

H. Endoderm

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17
Q

Label A to E

A

A. Notochordal Process

B. Primitive Streak

C. Tail End

D. Neural Plate

E. Notochordal Process

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18
Q

Label A to F

A

A. Amnion

B. Neural Plate

C. Notochord

D. Neural Folds

E. Neural Tube

F. Somites

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19
Q

Label A to G

A

A. Pharangeal Arches

B. Lungbud

C. Pharangeal Pouch

D. Brain

E. Oesophagus

F. Heart

G. Transverse section of the pharynx

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20
Q

What are the 3 somites and what do they give rise to?

A
  1. Dermatome - CT
  2. Myatome- Muscle; Back and neck.
  3. Sclerotome- Vertebrae
21
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Skin

22
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Connective Tissue

23
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Gut

24
Q

What is the process after Gastrulation?

A

Organogenesis

25
Q

What is the zona pellucida composed of

A

Glycoproteins

26
Q

How many proteins does a bacteria have?

A

~ 2 million

27
Q

What are the 8 roles of proteins

A
  1. Digestive enzymes / Catalytic
  2. Transport
  3. Structural
  4. Hormone signalling
  5. Immunological
  6. Contractile
  7. Storage
  8. Toxins
28
Q

What is an example of a digestive enzyme? and what is the function?

A

Amylase, Liase and pepsin

Break down nutrients in foor into small pieces that can be readily absorbed

29
Q

What is an example of a transport protein? and what is the function?

A

Haemoglobin,

Carry substances throughout the body in blood or lymph

30
Q

What is an example of a Structural Protein and what is the function?

A

Actin, Tubulin and Keratin

Build different structures like cytoskeleton

31
Q

What is an example of a Hormone signalling Protein and what is the function?

A

Insulin, Glucahon, epidermal growth factor

Coordinate the activity of different body systems

32
Q

What are examples of Immunological Proteins and what is the function?

A

Antibodies (immunoglobins), interferons

Protect body from foreign pathogens

33
Q

What is an example of a contractile Protein and what is the function?

A

Myosin

Muscle contraction

34
Q

What are examples of Storage Proteins and what is the function?

A

Legume storage proteins, albumin (egg white)

Provide food for the early development of the embryo

35
Q

What are examples of toxin Proteins and what is the function?

A

Cholera, botulinum

Used by pathogens or other organisms to cause disease

36
Q

What is the reaction that occus to allow peptide bond formation?

A

Condensation reaction/ Dehydration synthesis reaction

37
Q

What are the 4 groups of amino acids

A
  1. Amino Acids with Electrically charged side chains (both positive and negative)
  2. Amino Acids with uncharged Side chains
  3. Special Cases
  4. Amino Acids with Hydrophobic side Chains
38
Q

What secondary structure do amino acids with large aromatic Residues (R-groups) prefer?

A

ß- strands.

ß- branched amino acids also prefer ß- strands.

39
Q

Give 4 exams of amino acids that do form helices, and 2 that will not.

A

Mthioninem alanine, leucine, and glutamate do. Proline and Glycine do not

40
Q

What are the 5 bond types in the tertiary structure of a molecule?

A
  1. Hydrophobic Interations
  2. Disulfide Bridges
  3. Hydrogen Bonds
  4. Hydrophillic Interactions
  5. Ionic Bonds
41
Q

What are the 3 main protein types?

A
  1. Globular
  2. Bibrous
  3. Membrane
42
Q

What is ABBE’s Diffraction Limit?

A

0.2 µm

43
Q

When do you use X-ray Crysallography to deduced the structure.

A

Soluable proteins, some membrane proteins. Can be any size but must be lattice structure, Atomic resolution but there may be damage to the protein and it can take years.

44
Q

What do you use NMR to deduced the structure.

A

Small soluable proteins and peptides, Dynamic Proteins. < 30 kDa. Closure to real protein structure but only for small proteins

45
Q

When do you use Cryo-EM to deduced the structure of a protein?

A

Membrane proteins, Large protein complexes and dynamic proteins.

>100kDA → near atomic resolution, fast sample preparation. The sample is frozen in its native state

46
Q

What would you see at the following resolutions?

A) 30Å

B) 12Å

C) 10Å

D) 5Å

E) 3Å

A

A) 30Å - Observe Shape

B) 12Å - Visualize DNA/RNA

C) 10Å - Resolve Helices

D) 5Å - Resolve ß-strands

E) 3Å- Trace amino acids

47
Q

What are the 4 protein representations?

A
  1. Backbone Model
  2. Ribbon Model
  3. Wire Model
  4. Space- Filling Model
48
Q
A

Biosci107 (6 decks)

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