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A & P II Final > Special Senses (Vision) > Flashcards

Special Senses (Vision) Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory structures of the eye (5):

A
  1. Eyebrows - shade eyes & block sweat
  2. Eyelids - protective
  3. Conjunctiva - transparent mucous mb that covers eye, produces lubricating mucous
  4. Lacrimal apparatus - tears & secretion ducts
  5. Extrinsic eye muscles

LEEEC

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2
Q

Lacrimal caruncle

A

Aka medial canthus. At medial commissure (innermost corner), produces white oily secretion

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3
Q

Eyelid muscles

A
  1. Orbicularis - sphincter that closes eye
  2. Levator palpebrae - raises eyelid
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4
Q

TEARS contain:

A
  • Mucous
  • Antibodies
  • Lysozymes - antimicrobial enzymes

**Clean, lubricate & protect the eyes. Constantly released, spread by blinking, drain through nasolacrimal duct

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5
Q

6 muscles that MOVE the eye:

A
  1. Lateral rectus
  2. Medial rectus
  3. Superior rectus
  4. Inferior rectus
  5. Superior oblique (downward & lateral movement)
  6. Inferior oblique (upward & lateral movement)

“Badminton birdie” of muscles
Cranial nerves: (SO4 LR6)3

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6
Q

Layers/”Shells” of the eyeball:

A
  1. FIBROUS layer (most external) - sclera & cornea
  2. VASCULAR layer - choroid, ciliary body & iris
  3. INNER layer (retina, most internal) - pigmented layer & neural layer
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7
Q

Sclera

A

“White” of eye -Tough & tendon-like, protects and shapes eyeball (FIBROUS layer)
**Continuous w/ dura mater of brain

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8
Q

Cornea

A

Most anterior of FIBROUS layer
“Transparent dome” : allows in light while protecting eye
Avascular but w/ many nerve endings

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9
Q

Choroid

A

Dark brown layer between sclera and retina, VASCULAR - nourishes eye & helps absorb light so it doesn’t “scatter”

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10
Q

Ciliary body

A

**Holds lens in place via ligaments & controls its shape

Anterior aspect of choroid, made of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle

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11
Q

Iris

A

**Colored part of the eye that controls how much light enters.

Continuous w/ ciliary body + choroid: Contains PUPIL and sphincter pupillae/dilator pupillae* (under sympathetic control)

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12
Q

Retina

A

**Receptor for sight : Millions of photoreceptors + other neurons/glia

Cup shaped - does not go all the way around.

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13
Q

Layers of the RETINA (2):

A
  1. Pigmented layer : single cell thick, absorbs light and stores vitamin A*
  2. Neural layer

(superficial) Sclera | Choroid | Pigment epithelium | Neural layer (deep)

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14
Q

Neural layer of RETINA - main types of neurons (3):

A
  1. Photoreceptors (most posterior)
    [ signal ↓ ]
  2. Bipolar cells
    [ signal ↓ ]
  3. Ganglion cells (most anterior)
    [ right angle bend + OUTPUT as optic nerve ]
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15
Q

Optic disc

A

Spot where the **optic nerve attaches to the eye
“Blind spot” (no photoreceptors ; brain fills in information to compensate)

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16
Q

Types of photoreceptors (2):

A
  1. RODS: more numerous, active in dim light & peripheral vision
  2. CONES: active in bright light, high-resolution color vision. C for Color & Clarity.

** Respond to light!

17
Q

Macula lutea

A

Part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision

Lateral to optic disc, mostly cones
Density of cones declines moving away from the macula

18
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Very center of macula - ONLY cones

19
Q

Segments and chambers of eye (4):

A

Anterior SEGMENT: ant. to lens, aqueous humor**
- Anterior chamber: between cornea & iris
- Posterior chamber: between iris & lens
Posterior SEGMENT: post. to lens, vitreous humor**

“Bed chamber” = small space

20
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Clear fluid similar to blood plasma.
Forms, drains & circulates continually
In ANTERIOR SEGMENT

21
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Thick, clear gel: formed in embryo & lasts lifetime.
Support posterior lens & presses layers of retina together. “Intraocular pressure”

22
Q

Lens

A

BICONVEX shape, transparent & flexible : Changes shape to focus light on retina

23
Q

Visible light has a wavelength of ______.

A

400-700nm

24
Q

We perceive an object to be the color of the wavelengths of light it ______.

A

Reflects

25
Q

Lens ____ for far vision and _____ for close vision.

A

Flattens, bulges

26
Q

Explain the visual pathway

A

The lens inverts images on the retina.
From retina, each optic nerve travels posteromedially.
They meet at the optic chiasm - medial nerve fibers cross over, lateral fibers do not → optic tracts travel to the thalamus → to primary visual cortex

27
Q

Receptor TYPE for SMELL =

A

Chemoreceptors
Airborne chemicals dissolve in fluids coating nasal membranes

28
Q

Receptor for smell =

A

Olfactory epithelium** in roof of nasal cavity w/ millions of olfactory sensory neurons + supporting cells / stem cells

29
Q

Olfactory sensory neurons (characteristics):

A

Long cilia for increased receptor surface area
Gather in small fascicles and pass through “cribriform plate” of ethmoid bone → synapse in olfactory bulbs
Thin & non-myelinated
Live man of 30-60 days

30
Q

Explain the olfactory pathway

A
  1. Olfactory nerves sense airborne chemicals (dendrite cilia in mucous mb)
  2. Transmit signal through “cribriform plate” of ethmoid bone.
  3. Synapse w/ mitral cells in olfactory bulbs at GLOMERULI (each glomerulus represents a single aspect of an odor** - each odor activates a unique set.
  4. Mitral cells refine, amplify & relay signals: olfactory bulbs → olfactory tracts → olfactory cortex (temporal lobe) + frontal lobe interpretation and **direct connection to LIMBIC SYSTEM
31
Q

Receptor for TASTE =

A

Gustatory epithelial cells** (w/ gustatory hairs bathed in saliva)
Chemoreceptors (primary) + thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors & nociceptors
BASAL epithelial cells act as stem cells*, replacing taste buds

32
Q

Signal pathway for TASTE:

A
  1. Chemicals dissolved in saliva contact gustatory hairs
  2. Signal travels along CN VII (Facial) & CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) to thalamus → gustatory cortex

+ hypothalamus/limbic system** & triggering of gastric reflexes

A & P II Final (7 decks)

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