Endocrine system (EFFECTS: where hormones go/what they do) Flashcards
Oxytocin
*from: post. pituitary
- Uterus: contractions for labor.
- Breast: initiates milk ejection.
+ “cuddle hormone” in brain
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
*from: post. pituitary
- Kidneys: reabsorb more water > returns to bloodstream
ANTI-PEE hormone
Growth hormone
*from: ant. pituitary
Liver, muscle, bone etc: ANABOLIC -
Increases blood levels of glucose & fatty acids, Insulin-like growth factors etc.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
*from: ant. pituitary
Thyroid: tropin, controls development & activity (TH production and release)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
*from: ant. pituitary
Adrenal CORTEX: stimulates stress hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
*from: ant. pituitary
[ Gonadotropin ]
Gonads: stimulates gamete production (eggs & sperm)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
*from: ant. pituitary
[ Gonadotropin ]
Gonads: sex hormone production (T, estrogen, progesterone)
+ Ovulation in women
“Jacked guys (high T) LOOTing a store”
Prolactin (PRL)
*from: ant. pituitary
Breast: milk production
Thyroid hormone (TH)
T3 (triiodothyronine) - scarcer but stronger. 3 IODINE atoms.
T4 (thyroxine) - more prevalent but weaker. 4 IODINE atoms.
Increases metabolic rate : affects most cells with widespread effects
Calcitonin
Skeleton: DECREASES blood calcium by stimulating uptake (antagonist w/ PTH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Skeleton, kidneys, intestine: INCREASES blood calcium**
- osteoclasts to break down bone
- kidneys & intestines to absorb more Ca2+ and activate vitamin D
Mineralocorticoids
Regulate water & electrolyte balance (esp. Na+/K+) in body tissues
Ex: ALDOSTERONE - targets kidney tubules
(outermost layer of cortex - zona glomerulosa)
Glucocorticoids
Manage cellular metabolism and help the body resist long-term stress (by raising blood sugar) + anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing
Ex: CORTISOL
(middle layer of cortex - zona fasciculata)
Gonadocorticoids
Sex steroid hormones, mostly “Weak androgens” like DHEA
(innermost layer of cortex - zona reticularis)
Catecholamines
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: “fight or flight” response
Melatonin (pineal)
SLEEP, circadian rhythm (via suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus), ANTIOXIDANT and more
Insulin (pancreas)
DECREASES blood sugar, out of blood, into cells
Hypoglycemic hormone
Glucagon (pancreas)
INCREASES blood sugar, out of storage, into blood
Main target = liver: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Estrogens & progesterone (ovaries)
Reproductive maturation, secondary female sex characteristics, breast dev. & menstrual cycle regulation
Stim. by gonadotropins FSH & LH
Testosterone / other androgens
Male reproductive maturation & function, secondary male sex characteristics, sperm production, sex drive
Stim. by gonadotropins FSH & LH
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
From PLACENTA (temporary endocrine organ): influences pregnancy, blood test for pregnancy
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Secreted by cells of atria (HEART) - DECREASES NA+ in extracellular fluid, causing BP & blood volume to decrease
Atrial NA+triuretic Peptide
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Secreted by Interstitial cells of KIDNEYS: causes **bone marrow to increase production of RBCs
Renin
By kidneys: RAISES BP via “renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism”
Cholecalciferol
Produced by SKIN in response to UV exposure: Inactive form of D3 > modified in liver > fully activated in kidneys
Leptin (adipose cells)
Gauge for amount of stored energy (fat): more = higher leptin, **suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure
Resistin (adipose cells)
Antagonist to insulin, keeps blood sugar higher
“RESISTS action of Insulin”
Adiponectin (adipose cells)
Increases insulin sensitivity
Osteocalcin
Secreted by osteoblasts: tells pancreas to release more insulin
Bones: “I’m building”
