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Biology 101 > Special Senses Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Special Senses Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are:
-More than half of the sensory receptors in the human body located

A

Eyes

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2
Q

A large part of the cerebral cortex is devoted to processing _______ information.

A

Visual

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3
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What is the:
-Eyelid

A

Palpebrae

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4
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What is the:
-Layer of connective tissue which gives eyelid form and support

A

Tarsal plate

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5
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What is:
-Located inside of the tarsal plates -secrete oils which keep eyelids from adhering to each other.

A

Tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)

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6
Q

What is:
-An infection of the tarsal gland producing a cyst on the eyelid

A

Chalazion

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7
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What is:
-The thin protective membrane composed mainly of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Conjunctiva

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8
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What:
-Lines inner eyelids

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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9
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What:
-Passes from the eyelids onto the anterior surface of the eye
(Does not cover the cornea)

A

Bulbar (Ocular) conjunctiva

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10
Q

What is:
-Inflammation caused by bacteria
-Other forms caused by irritants such as dust and smoke

A

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

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11
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What:
-Help protect from foreign objects, perspiration and sunlight

A

Eyelashes and Eyebrows

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12
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What:
-Are found at base of eyelashes

A

Sebaceous glands

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13
Q

What:
-Is an and infection of sebaceous glands

A

Sty

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14
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What is:
-The gap between the eyelids

A

Palpebral fissure

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15
Q

(Accessory structures of the eye)
What:
-Contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

A

Lacrimal caruncle

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16
Q

What:
-Manufactures and drains tears

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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17
Q

(Lacrimal Apparatus)
Lacrimal gland drained by 6-12 ________ _______ ducts > Lacrimal puncta > superior and inferior ________ __________ > lacrimal sac > ____________ duct > inferior meatus (nasal cavity)

A

-Excretory lacrimal ducts
-Lacrimal canaliculi
-Nasolacrimal duct

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18
Q

What:
-Cleans, lubricates and moistens the eyeball

A

Lacrimal Secretion

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19
Q

What 4 things does the Lacrimal secrete?
How many ml/day is normal?

A

-Water
-Salt
-Mucus
-Lysozyme
-1ml/day

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20
Q

Describe the eye structure

A

-Hollow
-Spherical
-Approximately 1 inch in diameter

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21
Q

(Eye structure)
What contains:
-Sclera and cornea

A

Outer fibrous tunic

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22
Q

Which part of the eye:
-Focuses light onto retina
-Covers the iris
-Avascular

A

Cornea

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23
Q

(Eye structure)
What has these 3 layers:
-Nonkeratinized stratified squamous(outer)
-Collagen and fibroblasts (middle)
-Simple squamous (inner)

A

Outer fibrous tunic

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24
Q

Which part of the eye is:
-“white” of the eye
-Dense connective tissue
-Gives shape to the eye and makes it more rigid

A

Sclera

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25
Q

(Eye structure)
What contains:
-Choroid
-Ciliary body
-Iris

A

Vascular Tunic (Uvea)

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26
Q

(Eye structure)
What part of the eye:
-Highly vascular
-Provides nutrients to the posterior part of the retina
-Contains melanocytes to absorb light and prevent glare

A

Choroid

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27
Q

(Eye structure)
What contains:
-Ciliary processes
-Ciliary Muscle

A

Ciliary Body

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28
Q

(Ciliary Body)
What is:
-The extension of the ciliary process which hold the lens

A

Zonular fibers of lens

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29
Q

(Eye structure)
What is:
-The circular band of smooth muscle which alters the shape of the lens for far and near vision

A

Ciliary Muscle

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30
Q

What is the:
-A thin muscular diaphragm that regulates the amount of light entering eye

A

Iris

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31
Q

Which cells:
-Contain melanin
(amount of melanin determines eye color)

A

Chromatophores

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32
Q

The muscles:
Circular - Parasympathetic:
Does what to the pupil

A

Constricts pupil

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33
Q

The muscles:
Radial-Sympathetic:
Does what to the pupil

A

Dilate pupil

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34
Q

Which part of the eye:
-Contains a pigmented layer and neural layer
-Has 3 layers of _______ neurons

A

The Retina

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35
Q

Order of nerve conduction of the Retina:
Photoreceptor layer > Outer _________ layer > _________ neurons > Inner Synaptic layer > ___________ cells

A

-Synaptic layer
-Bipolar neurons
-Ganglion cells

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36
Q

What is the:
-Jagged anterior edge of retina

A

Ora serrata

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors called?

A

Rods and Cones

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38
Q

What is:
-Most important for black and white vision in dim light
-Allow us to see shapes and movement

A

Rods

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39
Q

In dim light such as moonlight, only ____ functions

A

Rods

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40
Q

What:
-Allows for color vison and sharpness of vison in bright light (visual acuity)

A

Cones

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of cones:

A

-Blue cones (S cones)
-Green cones (M cones)
-Red cones (L cones)

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42
Q

What is:
-The absence or deficiency of one of the 3 cones resulting in the inability to distinguish between certain colors

A

Color blindness

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43
Q

(Retina)
What is:
-A patch of cells in the exact center of posterior retina
-Contains a tiny pit called the fovea centralis

A

Macula lutea

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44
Q

(Retina)
What is:
-A dense concentration of cones in the macula (rods are absent)
-Area of our sharpest vision

A

Fovea centralis

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45
Q

What disorder is:
-Degeneration of the area of the macula lutea
-Usually 50 or over
-Loss of straight-ahead vision
-Retains peripheral vision

A

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

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46
Q

What disorder is:
-Distorted or lost vision in corresponding visual field
-Reattached by laser surgery or cryosurgery
Causes:
-Trauma, age-related degen. or various eye disorders

A

Detached retina

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47
Q

(Retina)
What is:
-Medial to the macula lutea
-______ ____is the opening through which axons of ganglion neurons exit as the optic nerve

A

Optic disc (blind spot)

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48
Q

(Retina)
What:
-Contains no rods or cones, so vision is absent here

A

Optic disc (blind spot)

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49
Q

What is:
-Behind the pupil and iris
-Made up of proteins called crystallins
-Is avascular and transparent
-Functions to focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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50
Q

What occurs when:
-Lens becomes cloudy due to changes in the lens proteins
-Most commonly occurs with aging
-Lens is replaced with an artificial one

A

Cataracts

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51
Q

What 2 cavities is the interior of the eyeball divided into

A

-Anterior cavity
-Vitreous chamber

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52
Q

The 2 chambers in the Interior of the eyeball is divided by what?

A

The lens

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53
Q

(Anterior cavity has 2 chambers)
Which chamber is:
-Between the cornea and iris

A

Anterior chamber

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54
Q

(Anterior cavity has 2 chambers)
Which chamber is:
-Behind the iris and in front of the lens

A

Posterior chamber

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55
Q

The anterior cavity is filled with a watery substance called the _________ _______.

A

-Aqueous humor

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56
Q

Aqueous humor is filtered from blood capillaries in the _______ _________.
It is drained by the _______ ______ ______ and then into blood.

A

-Ciliary process
-Scleral venous sinus

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57
Q

What nourishes the lens and cornea?

A

Aqueous humor

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58
Q

What disorder is:
-Abnormally high intraocular pressure due to build up of aqueous humor in the anterior cavity
-Persistent pressure leads to vision loss and blindness

A

Glaucoma

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59
Q

What disorder:
-The fluid can then put pressure on the lens and consequently the vitreous body and neurons of the retina
-Treated with eye drops to reduce production of aqueous humor and increase drainage

A

Glaucoma

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60
Q

What part of the eye:
-Lies between the lens and retina

A

The vitreous chamber

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61
Q

The jelly-like substance is called the…?

A

Vitreous body

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62
Q

The vitreous body is not replaced, but formed during __________ ______.

A

Embryonic life

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63
Q

Which part of the eye:
-Contains phagocytic cells which remove debris

A

The vitreous body

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64
Q

Which part of the interior eye:
-Narrow channel that runs through vitreous body
-In fetus, was occupied by the hyaloid artery

A

Hyaloid canal

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65
Q

(Image Formation)
Images are formed on the _______ of the eye.

A

Retina

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66
Q

(Image Formation)
-In order for an image to be formed, what 3 processes must be understood?

A

-Refraction
-Accommodation
-Constriction of the pupil

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67
Q

What occurs when:
-Bending of light rays as they travel from air into a different media

A

Refraction

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68
Q

What occurs at the:
-Cornea
-Aqueous humor
-Lens
-Vitreous body

A

Refraction of light

69
Q

(Refraction)
-Images must focused directly on the _______ _________ where our sharpest vision is.

A

Fovea centralis

70
Q

Images focused on the retina are ___________.

A

Inverted

71
Q

What occurs when:
-Increased curvature of the lens for near vision

A

Accommodation

72
Q

(Accommodation)
-When an object is closer than 20ft. light rays must be bent to a _________ ________ in order to focus images on the retina

A

Greater degree

73
Q

(Accommodation)
-The ciliary muscle contracts pulling the ciliary process and _______ forward taking tension off the suspensory ___________.
(Allows the lens to become more rounded (thicker) for near vision)

A

-Choroid
-Ligaments

74
Q

During accommodation, what also occurs

A

Constriction of the pupil

75
Q

What prevents:
-Light rays from entering the periphery of the lens

A

Constricting the pupil

76
Q

(Constriction of the pupil)
-Light rays entering the periphery of the lens would not ______ on the retina and thus cause _________ _______.

A

-Focus
-Blurred vision

77
Q

What abnormality of refraction is:
-Nearsightedness
-Vision for near objects is better than for far

A

Myopia

78
Q

What abnormality of refraction is:
-Error of refraction in which image is focused in front of the retina
-Eyeball too long from front to back, or the lens is thicker than normal

A

Myopia

79
Q

What abnormality of refraction is corrected with:
-A concave lens causing the light rays to diverge slightly

A

Myopia

80
Q

What abnormality of refraction is:
-Farsightedness
-Vision for far objects is better than for near.

A

Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)

81
Q

What abnormality of refraction is:
-Error of refraction in which image is focused behind the retina
-Eyeball is too short from front to back, or the lens is thinner than normal

A

Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)

82
Q

What abnormality of refraction is corrected with:
-A convex lens causing light rays to converge slightly

A

hypermetropia

83
Q

What abnormality is:
-Irregularly shaped cornea or lens

A

Astigmatism

84
Q

What abnormality is:
-Lens loses elasticity and therefore its ability to accommodate
-occurs with aging
-Results in hyperopia

A

Presbyopia

85
Q

What is:
- A normal eye
Called?

A

Emmetrophic eye

86
Q

What is it called when:
-Laser reshaping of the eye to correct refraction abnormalities

A

LASIK

87
Q

(Sensory Transduction in the Retina)
-Images are focused on retina which stimulates _____________, which transduce(convert) the light stimulus into __________ ___________.

A

-Photoreceptors
-Receptor potentials

88
Q

(Sensory Transduction in the Retina)
-Images are passed to ________ cells.

A

Bipolar

89
Q

(Sensory Transduction in the Retina)
-Bipolar cells communicate with ___________ cells.

A

Ganglion

90
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ear:

A

-Hearing
-Equilibrium

91
Q

(External ear)
What is the:
-Elastic cartilage
called?

A

Auricle (Pinna)

92
Q

(External ear)
What part of the ear is the:
-Lobule
-Helix

A

Auricle (Pinna)

93
Q

The:
-Auricle (Pinna)
-External auditory canal
-Tympanic membrane (Eardrum)
Are in which part of the ear?

A

External (Outer) ear

94
Q

What part of the ear is the:
-Air filled cavity in temporal bone

A

Middle ear

95
Q

(Middle ear)
The:
-Malleus
-Incus
-Stapes
are all what?

A

Auditory ossicles

96
Q

(External ear)
What are:
-Attached to the middle ear by ligaments, and also have 2 small skeletal muscles attached to them

A

Auditory ossicles

97
Q

(Middle ear muscles)
Which muscle:
-Limits movement of and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent damage to the inner ear from loud sounds

A

Tensor tympani

98
Q

(Middle ear muscles)
Which muscle:
-Is the smallest skeletal muscle
-Dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises
-Protects the oval window

A

Stapedius

99
Q

(Middle ear)
What is located:
-From the middle ear to the pharynx

A

Auditory tube
(Pharyngotympanic or Eustachian tube)

100
Q

(Middle ear)
What:
-Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and atmosphere
-Normally closed at its medial end and opens during swallowing and yawning

A

Auditory tube

101
Q

(Middle ear)
What is the:
-Membrane covered opening between the middle and inner ear
-Stapes fits into it

A

Oval window

102
Q

(Middle ear)
What is:
-Another opening just below oval window
-Covered by secondary tympanic membrane

A

Round window

103
Q

What is:
-Acute infection of the middle ear usually caused by bacteria
-Pain, fever, malaise, reddening and outward bulging of the tympanic membrane
-Bacteria can pass through the Eustachian from the nasopharynx

A

Otitis media

104
Q

What is:
-Inadequate drainage of fluid from the middle ear through the Eustachian tube may allow for bacteria to grow
-Children are more susceptible due to the auditory tubes being almost horizontal

A

Otitis media

105
Q

What is the:
-Insertion of a small tube into the tympanic membrane to allow drainage

A

Tympanotomy

106
Q

The Internal ear is also referred to as the:

A

Labyrinth

107
Q

The 2 main divisions of the Labyrinth (Internal ear) are:

A

-Outer bony labyrinth
-Inner membranous labyrinth

108
Q

What part of the ear has:
-A series of cavities in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
-Contains fluid called perilymph and surrounds membranous labyrinth

A

Bony labyrinth

109
Q

The:
-Vestibule
-Cochlea
-Semicircular canals
Are the 3 parts of what?

A

The bony labyrinth

110
Q

What part of the ear has:
-A series of sacs and tubes in bony labyrinth
-Contains fluid called endolymph

A

-Membranous labyrinth

111
Q

What part of the ear is an:
-Oval central portion of the bony labyrinth
-Contains utricle and saccule which are part of the membranous labyrinth

A

Vestibule

112
Q

What part of the ear has:
-3 bony canals at approximately right angles to each other
-Portion of the membranous labyrinth in semicircular canals

A

Semicircular canals

113
Q

(Semicircular canals)
What is:
-The enlarged portions at end of canals

A

Ampulla

114
Q

Which part of the ear is the:
-Bony spiral canal

A

Cochlea

115
Q

Which part of the ear is divided into these 3 separate channels:
-Scala vestibuli
-Scala tympani
-Cochlear duct (Scala media)

A

Cochlea

116
Q

(Cochlea)
-Scala vestibuli and tympani are joined at apex by the ___________.

A

Helicotrema

117
Q

Which part of the Cochlea:
-Separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli

A

Vestibular membrane

118
Q

Which part of the Cochlea:
-Separates cochlear duct from scala tympani

A

Basilar membrane

119
Q

The cochlea contains a bony central core called the _________.

A

Modiolus

120
Q

Which part of the ear is:
-Located on the basilar membrane
-Consists of supporting cells and hair cells

A

Spiral organ (Organ of corti)

121
Q

(Spiral organ (Organ of Corti))
What are:
-The receptors for auditory sensations

A

Hair cells

122
Q

(Spiral organ (Organ of Corti))
What are:
-In contact with fibers
-cochlear branch of VIII cranial nerve

A

Basilar ends of hair cells

123
Q

(Spiral organ (Organ of Corti))
What hair cells:
-Contain stereocilia

A

Apical end of the hair

124
Q

(Spiral organ (Organ of Corti))
What is:
-In contact with hair cells

A

Tectorial membrane

125
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(1) Sound waves reach ear directed by the _____ into external auditory canal.

A

Pinna

126
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(2) Waves strike tympanic membrane causing it to ________.

A

Vibrate

127
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(3) Wave transmitted through ________, ______ and ________.

A

-Malleus, Incus and Stapes

128
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(4) Stapes pushes _____ _________ in and out

A

Oval Window

129
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(5) Movement of oval window causes waves in _________ of ________ __________.

A

-Perilymph
-Scala vestibuli

130
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(6) Pressure in perilymph pushes it through scala vestibuli, then _____________ into scala tympani and eventually to round window causing it to ______ __________.

A

-Helicotrema
-Bulge outward

131
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(7) As pressure moves through perilymph of the scala vestibuli, it pushes the vestibular membrane inward and increases the pressure of the ___________ inside the ___________ ________.

A

-Endolymph
-Cochlear duct

132
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(8) Vibration of basilar membrane causes movement of the _____ ______ of the spiral organ against the _________ ___________.

A

-Hair cells
-Tectorial membrane

133
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
(9) Bending of the __________ develops receptor potentials that ultimately lead to generation of nerve impulses in the ________ branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve then eventually to the primary auditory area of the temporal lobe.

A

-Stereocilia
-Cochlear

134
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
What type of waves:
-Vibrate basilar membrane near base of cochlea where membrane is stiffer

A

High frequency waves

135
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
What type of waves:
-Vibrate basilar membrane nearer apex where membrane is more flexible

A

Low frequency waves

136
Q

(Physiology of hearing)
-Each segment of the basilar membrane is _______ for a particular pitch

A

Tuned

137
Q

What type of deafness is:
-Possible nerve damage (CN VIII)
-Usually damage to hair cells from certain medications, repeated exposure to loud sounds, atherosclerosis leading to decreased blood supply to ears

A

Nerve deafness (Sensorineural)

138
Q

What type of deafness is:
-Problem is with the structure of the external and middle ear that conduct the sound to the cochlea
-Vibrations are not “conducted” to hair cells

A

Conduction deafness

139
Q

What type of deafness results from:
-perforated ear drum
-Otosclerosis - overgrowth of spongy bone over the oval window that immobilizes the stapes
-Impacted cerumen

A

Conduction deafness

140
Q

What would be used if:
-Deafness is due to destruction of hair cells
-Provides only a crude representation of sounds

A

Cochlear implants

141
Q

What is:
-A microphone, sound processor and transmitter sends information to an internal receiver which relays to electrodes implanted in the cochlea
-Electrodes trigger nerve impulses in the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Cochlear implants

142
Q

(Physiology of Equilibrium)
-Body movements stimulate _________ for equilibrium

A

Receptors

143
Q

(Physiology of Equilibrium)
The:
-Utricle
-Saccule in the vestibule
-Semicircular ducts of the semicircular canals
Are what? (2)

A

-Receptor organs
-Makeup the vestibular apparatus

144
Q

What type of equilibrium is:
-Your perception of the orientation of your head in space
-Example: If your head is tilted in any direction

A

Static equilibrium

145
Q

What type of equilibrium is:
-The perception of motor or acceleration

A

Dynamic equilibrium

146
Q

(Equilibrium)
What type of acceleration is:
-A change in velocity in a straight line such as a car or elevator

A

Linear acceleration

147
Q

(Equilibrium)
What type of acceleration is:
-A change in the rate of rotation such as turning your head or spinning in a chair

A

Angular acceleration

148
Q

(Equilibrium)
What 2 things are responsible for:
-Static equilibrium and linear acceleration

A

The saccule and ultricle

149
Q

(Equilibrium)
What:
-Detect angular acceleration

A

The semicircular ducts

150
Q

The saccule and utricle both contain thickened regions called the ________

A

Macula

151
Q

Where are these cell types found?
-Hair cells with stereocilia (microvilli_)
-1 cilium (kinocilium) - collectively called hair bundles
-Supporting cells that secrete gelatinous layer

A

In the Macula region

152
Q

What contains:
-Calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths that move when you tip your head forward or backwards

A

Gelatinous otolithic membrane

153
Q

(Otolithic Organs)
The ________ responds to horizontal linear acceleration and deceleration
(Speeding up or slowing down in a car)

A

Utricle

154
Q

(Otolithic Organs)
-The ______ also responds to forward and backward head tilt

A

Utricle

155
Q

(Otolithic Organs)
-The ______ responds to vertical linear acceleration and deceleration.
(Moving up & down in an elevator)

A

Saccule

156
Q

(Otolithic Organs)
-With the utricle and saccule movements:
The hair bundles bend producing _________ __________ which release neurotransmitter which stimulates the ________ ________ of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

-Receptor potentials
-Vestibular branch

157
Q

(Semicircular ducts)
-3 semicircular ducts lie at right angles to each other in _____ ______ of ________.

A

-3 planes of motion

158
Q

(Semicircular ducts)
What are:
-Small elevation within the ampulla of each of the 3 semicircular ducts

A

Crista

159
Q

(Semicircular ducts)
-Hair cells with hair bundles are covered with gelatinous material called the ________

A

Cupula

160
Q

(Semicircular ducts)
-With __________ acceleration and deceleration, fluid in canal bends ______ stimulating hair cells to release _______________ which generate action potentials in the vestibular branch of the __________________ nerve

A

-Rotational
-Cupula
-Neurotransmitter
-Vestibulocochlear

161
Q

(Equilibrium pathways)
-Action potentials generated in the semicircular ducts, utricle, or saccule eventually reach: ?

A

Vestibular cortex of the parietal lobe

162
Q

(Equilibrium pathways)
What:
-Controls movement of the head, eyes and postural muscles to maintain balance

A

Cerebellum

163
Q

(Equilibrium pathways)
What is:
-Located in the spinal cord and descend to innervate extensor muscle to help you maintain balance with quick movements of the trunk and limbs

A

Vestibulospinal tracts

164
Q

Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ?

A

Inner hair cell

165
Q

The spiral organ is housed within which structure?

A

Cochlear duct

166
Q

Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?

A

Auditory tube

167
Q

When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your _________blank.

A

Semicircular ducts

168
Q

Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?

A

Cornea

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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