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Biology 101 > Skeletal muscle tissue Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Skeletal muscle tissue Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is:
-Attached to the bones
-Striated
-Voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of skeletal muscles?

A

1-Motion
2-Maintenance of posture
3-Heat production

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3
Q

What is:
-Fibrous connective deep to the skin around muscle fibers and other organs and lines body walls

A

Fascia

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4
Q

Fascia is made up of what type of tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

(Extension of fascia)
What:
-Covers entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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6
Q

(Extension of fascia)
What:
-Covers fascicles which are bundles of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

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7
Q

(Extension of fascia)
What:
-Covers and separates muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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8
Q

(Extension of fascia)
What is:
-Extension of all 3
-Attaching muscle to the periosteum of bone

A

Tendon

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9
Q

(Extension of fascia)
What is:
-Flat broad shaped tendon

A

Aponeurosis

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10
Q

What are made from:
-Muscle cell
-Long cylindrical in shape

A

Muscle fibers

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11
Q

What is another name for muscle fibers?

A

Myofibers

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12
Q

(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are made from:
-Plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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13
Q

(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are made from:
-Cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

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14
Q

(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are:
-Comparable to smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are:
-Dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
-High concentration of calcium ions

A

Terminal cisterns

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16
Q

(Anatomy of skeletal muscle)
What are:
-Extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate the center of the muscle fibers

A

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

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17
Q

What are:
-Contractile elements of skeletal muscles

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

Myofibrils contain smaller structures called _________

A

Filaments (Myofilaments)

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19
Q

What are the 2 major types of myofibrils

A

-Thick filaments
-Thin filaments

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20
Q

Myofilaments are arranged in compartments called __________ which run from Z disc to Z disc

A

Sarcomeres

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21
Q

Put these in order from largest to smallest:
-Myofiber (muscle cell)
-Filaments (Myofilaments)
-Fascicle
-Myofibril
-Muscle

A

-Muscle
-Fascicle
-Myofiber
-Myofibril
-Filaments

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22
Q

Which filaments are made up of protein molecules called myosin?

A

Thick filaments

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23
Q

Projecting myosin heads are called _____ ________

A

Cross bridges

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24
Q

These protein molecules make up what?
-Actin
-Tropomyosin
-Troponin

A

Thin filaments

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25
Q

Name the three protein molecules that make up thin filaments

A

-Actin
-Tropomyosin
-Troponin

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26
Q

Each actin molecule has a ________ _____

A

Binding site

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27
Q

(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Proteins that separate one sarcomere from the next

A

Z discs

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28
Q

(Components of a Sarcomere)
What:
-Extend from one end of thick filament to the other

A

A band

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29
Q

(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Thin filaments but no thick filaments

A

I band

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30
Q

(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Thick filaments but no thin filaments

A

H zone

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31
Q

(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Proteins that hold thick filaments together

A

M line

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32
Q

(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-A protein that connects the Z disc to the M line

A

Titan

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33
Q

(Components of a Sarcomere)
What are:
-Very elastic and allows the sarcomere to return to its resting length after contraction or stretching of the muscle

A

Titan

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34
Q

What is:
-The region between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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35
Q

(Neuromuscular junction)
What is:
-The area between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle

A

Synaptic cleft

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36
Q

(Neuromuscular junction)
What is:
-Contain neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine)

A

Synaptic vesicles

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37
Q

(Neuromuscular junction)
What is the:
-Muscle fiber part of the NMJ
-Portion of sarcolemma

A

Motor end plate

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38
Q

(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
1. Nerve impulse reaching _______ _____ _____ causing Ca2+ influx which releases acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicle

A

Synaptic end bulb

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39
Q

(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
2.ACh molecules bind to receptors on motor end plate. Channels open & allow Na+ to flow into ________ _________.

A

Muscle membrane

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40
Q

(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
3. Na+ inflow triggers an action potential in muscle. Action potential travels into __ ________.

A

T Tubule

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41
Q

(Nerve impulse activates muscle action potential)
4. ACh activity broken down by ________________________.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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42
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
1. Muscle fiber action potential ( _________ )

A

Excitation

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43
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
2. AP conducted into fiber by __ _______.

A

T Tubule

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44
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
3. AP in T tubules cause _________ ________ to become permeable to calcium.

A

Terminal cisterns

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45
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
4. Calcium diffuses out of cisterns into _____________.

A

Sarcoplasm

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46
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
5. Calcium combines with troponin– tropin changes shape and pulls ___________ off active sites on actin

A

Tropomyosin

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47
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
6. ATP broken down into ADP + P and activates (energizes) the ______ _______.

A

Myosin head

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48
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
7. Attachment of head of myosin to active site (on actin). This causes release of the _________ _______.

A

Phosphate group

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49
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
8. ________ _______ - release of the phosphate group causes head to flex, pulling actin filament towards the center of the ______ ________ (H zone).

A

-Power stroke
-Thick filaments

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50
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
9. Once the head ______ it releases ADP.

A

Flexes

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51
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
10. ATP binds to ATP binding sites (on myosin) and causes _____ _______ to release.

A

Cross bridges

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52
Q

(Sliding Filament Mechanism)
11. What step does the process restart at?

A

Step 6

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53
Q

What process continues over and over, continually moving the thin filaments toward the H zone?

A

Sliding Filament mechanism

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54
Q

The Sliding Filament Mechanism repeats as long as what 2 things are present?

A

-Calcium level is high
-ATP is available

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55
Q

What happens when:
-Action potential ceases
-Calcium pumped out of sarcoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Fiber relaxes

A

Relaxation

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56
Q

What happens when:
-Troponin releases calcium
-Troponin molecule returns to original shape pulling tropomyosin strands over the active sites

A

Relaxation

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57
Q

What is:
-A state of muscular rigidity that begins 3-4 hours after death

A

Rigor Mortis

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58
Q

About how long does Rigor Mortis last?

A

24 hours

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59
Q

(Rigor Mortis)
After death, Ca2+ ions leak out of the SR and allow ______ ______ to bind to actin.

A

Myosin heads

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60
Q

(Rigor Mortis)
Since ATP synthesis has ceased, crossbridges cannot detach from actin until __________ _______ begin to digest the decomposing cells.

A

Proteolytic Enzymes

61
Q

What happens when:
-Muscle uses ATP at a great rate when active
-Sarcoplasmic ATP only lasts for few seconds
-3 sources of ATP production within muscle

A

Muscle metabolism

62
Q

Muscle metabolism is:
Production of ____ in _______ _______.

A

-ATP
-Muscle fibers

63
Q

The 3 sources of ATP production within the muscle during muscle metabolism is:

A

-Phosphagen system
-Anaerobic cellular respiration
-Aerobic cellular respiration

64
Q

(Phosphagen system)
1. The initial energy required for intense exercise comes from _____ borrowing __ from other molecules

65
Q

(Phosphagen system)
2. ________ transfers P from one ADP to another to make ATP that myosin can use.

66
Q

(Phosphagen system)
3. Excess ATP within resting muscle used to form _________ _________.

A

Creatine phosphate

67
Q

(Phosphagen system)
4. Creatine phosphate 3-6 times more plentiful than ____ within muscle.

68
Q

(Phosphagen system)
5. It’s quick breakdown by _______ ________ provides energy for creation of ATP.

A

Creatine kinase

69
Q

(Phosphagen system)
6. Stores of creatine phosphate and ATP sustain maximal contraction for ____ seconds.

A

15 seconds

70
Q

(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
1. ATP produced from _______ breakdown into pyruvic acid during ________.

A

-Glucose
-Glycolysis

71
Q

(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
2. If no O2 present, pyruvic is converted to ______ _____ which diffuses into the blood.

A

Lactic acid

72
Q

(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
3. Glycolysis can continue ____________ to provide ATP for ___ to ____ seconds of maximal activity.

A

-Anaerobically
- 30-40 seconds

73
Q

(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
ATP for any activity lasting minutes or hours:
-If sufficient oxygen is available, _______ _____ enters the mitochondria to generate ATP, ________ and _______>

A

-Pyruvic acid
-Water and heat

74
Q

(Anaerobic Cellular Respiration)
ATP for any activity lasting minutes or hours:
-______ acid and ______ acid can also be used by the mitochondria.

A

-Fatty acid
-Amino acid

75
Q

What is:
-The inability to contract after prolonged activity

A

Muscle fatigue

76
Q

What is:
-The feeling of tiredness and a desire to stop
-Occurs before actual muscle fatigue

A

Central fatigue (Protective mechanisms)

77
Q

These are factors that contribute to what?
-Depletion of creatine phosphate
-Decline of Ca2+ within the sarcoplasm

A

Muscle fatigue

78
Q

These are factors that contribute to ….?
-Insufficient oxygen or glycogen
-Buildup of lactic acid and ADP
-Insufficient release of acetylcholine from motor neurons

A

Muscle fatigue

79
Q

What happens when:
-A load is moved

A

Isotonic contraction

80
Q

What happens when:
-A muscle shortens to produce force and movement

A

Concentric contraction

81
Q

What happens when:
-A muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement

A

Eccentric contractions

82
Q

What happens when:
-No movement occurs
-Tension is generated without muscle shortening
-Maintaining posture & support objects in a fixed position

A

Isometric contraction

83
Q

-Myoglobin
-Mitochondria
-Capillaries
Are what?

A

Variations in Skeletal Muscle Fibers

84
Q

What type of fibers have:
-More myoglobin
-An oxygen-storing reddish pigment
-More capillaries and mitochondria

A

Red muscle fibers

85
Q

What type of fibers have:
-Less myoglobin
-Less capillaries give fibers their plate color

A

White muscle fibers

86
Q

What type of muscle fibers:
-Are red in color
-generates ATP aerobically
-Prolonged, sustained contractions for maintaining posture

A

Slow Oxidative (SO)

87
Q

What type of Muscle fiber is used for running marathons?

A

Slow oxidative

88
Q

What type of muscle fibers:
-Are red in color
-Generate ATP aerobically and anaerobically
-Split ATP at a very fast rate

A

Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)

89
Q

What type of muscle fibers are used for:
-Walking and sprinting

A

Fast oxidative-glycolytic

90
Q

What type of muscle fibers:
-Are white in color
-Anaerobic movements for short duration

A

Fast glycolytic (FG)

91
Q

What type of muscle fibers are used for:
-Weight-lifting and sprinting

A

Fast glycolytic (FG)

92
Q

Muscle fibers that are red in color have: (3)

A

Lots of:
-Mitochondria
-Myoglobin
-Blood vessels

93
Q

Muscle fibers that are white in color have: (3)

A

Few:
-Mitochondria
-BV
-Low myoglobin

94
Q

A whole muscle contains:

A

A mixture of all 3 fibers types

95
Q

What type of muscles have:
A higher proportion of postural, slow oxidative fibers? (3)

A

-Neck
-Beck
-Leg

96
Q

Which muscles have:
-A higher proportion of fast glycolytic fibers? (2)

A

-Shoulder
-Arm

97
Q

Ratios of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative fibers are _______ __________.

A

Genetically determined

98
Q

Individuals with a higher proportion of FG fibers excel in:

A

Intense activity
-Weight lifting
-Sprinting

99
Q

Individuals with higher percentages of SO fibers excel in:

A

Endurance activities
-Long-distance running

100
Q

Various types of exercises can induce changes in ______ ________.

A

Muscle fibers

101
Q

Aerobic exercise transforms some __ fibers into ____ fibers.

A

-FG fibers
-FOG fibers

102
Q

Endurance exercises do not increase what?

A

Muscle mass

103
Q

Exercises that require short bursts of strength produce an increase in the size of ____ _______.

104
Q

Muscle enlargement is due to increased synthesis of __ and _____ ________.

A

Thick and thin filaments

105
Q

Cannot convert fast twitch to _____ twitch.

A

Slow twitch

106
Q

Slow twitch cannot convert to ______ twitch.

107
Q

What is:
-Similar to testosterone
-Increases muscle size, strength, and endurance

A

Anabolic steroids

108
Q

-Liver cancer
-Mood swings
-Atrophy of testicles and baldness in males
Are very serious side effects of?

A

Anabolic steroids

109
Q

What are 3 other serious side effects of Anabolic steroids?

A

-Kidney damage
-Heart disease
-Facial hair and voice deepening in females

110
Q

Skeletal muscle starts to be replaced by fat beginning at what age?

111
Q

Slowing of reflexes & decrease in maximal strength is due to:

112
Q

Change in fiber type to ______ ______ fibers may be due to lack of use or may be result of aging.

A

Slow oxidative

113
Q

What disorder:
-Progressive autoimmune disorder that blocks the ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
-More receptors are damaged the weaker the muscle.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

114
Q

What disorder:
-Is more common in women 20 to 40 with possible line to thymus gland tumors
-Begins with double vision and swallowing difficulties and progresses to paralysis of respiratory muscles

A

Myasthenia Gravis

115
Q

What disorder is treated by:
-Steroids that reduce antibodies that bind to ACh and inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase

A

Myasthenia Gravis

116
Q

What disease:
-Is inherited, muscle destroying disease
-Sarcolemma tears during muscle contraction

A

Muscular Dystrophies

117
Q

What disease:
-Mutated gene is on X chromosome
-Almost exclusively males

A

Muscular Dystrophie

118
Q

What would appear in makes by age 5 and by 12 may be unable to walk?

A

Muscular Dystrophie

119
Q

What disease:
-Degeneration of individual muscle fibers produce atrophy of the skeletal muscle

A

Muscular Dystrophies

120
Q

What is hoped for with gene therapy (most common form)

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

121
Q

What:
-Causes widespread pain throughout the body and in particular the muscles
-Causes fatigue, depression, poor sleep, headaches and irritable bowel syndrome

A

Fibromyalgia

122
Q

What is thought to be more of a neurological problem than a muscular problem- altered pain reception in the brain

A

Fibromyalgia

123
Q

What has:
-No known cause
-Seems to be triggered by emotional or physical trauma

A

Fibromyalgia

124
Q

What is treated by:
-Medications to control pain and help with depression
-Regular exercise
-Physical & massage therapy
-Stress management

A

Fibromyalgia

125
Q

(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Involuntary contraction of single muscle

126
Q

(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-A painful spasm

127
Q

(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Involuntary twitching of muscles normally under voluntary control

128
Q

What are some examples of involuntary twitching (Tic)
(4)

A

-Eye blinking
-Nose twitching
-Head jerking
-Shoulder shrugging

129
Q

(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Rhythmic
-Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups

130
Q

(Abnormal contractions)
What is:
-Involuntary
-Brief twitch of a motor unit visible under the skin

A

Fasciculation

131
Q

What is:
-Wasting away of muscles

132
Q

What is:
-Caused by disuse or severing or damage of the nerve supply

133
Q

What is:
-The increase in the diameter of muscle fibers

A

Hypertrophy

134
Q

What results:
-From very forceful, repetitive, muscular activity
-Increase in myofibrils
-SR and mitochondria

A

Hypertrophy

135
Q

What is:
-The small amount of tautness or tension in a skeletal muscle at rest

A

Muscle tone

136
Q

What is:
-Loss of voluntary muscular function

137
Q

What type of paralysis is:
-Atrophy and loss of muscle tone
-Loss of deep tendon reflexes

A

Flaccid paralysis

138
Q

What type of paralysis is:
-Indicates a lower motor neuron lesion

A

Flaccid paralysis

139
Q

Damage to the peripheral nervous system would indicate what?

A

A Lower motor neuron lesion

140
Q

What type of paralysis is:
-Muscles are spastic or rigid
-Increased deep tendon reflexes and a positive Babinski sign

A

Spastic paralysis

141
Q

What would indicate an upper motor neuron lesion?

A

Spastic paralysis

142
Q

What would damage to the central nervous system indicate?

A

An upper motor neuron lesion

143
Q

What is:
-The great toe extends, and the other toes abduct in response to the sole of the foot being firmly stroked

A

Babinski sign

144
Q

Intense exercise can cause _______ _______.

A

Muscle damage

145
Q

(Intense exercise can cause muscle damage)
-Electron micrographs reveal torn ___________, damaged myofibrils and disrupted ___ ______.

A

-Sarcolemmas
-Z discs

146
Q

(Intense exercise can cause muscle damage)
-Blood levels of proteins normally confined only to muscle increase as they are released from _________ ________.

A

Damaged muscle

147
Q

Delayed onset muscle soreness is due to:

A

Exercise-Induces muscle damage.

148
Q

Delayed onset muscle soreness is shown:
-____ to ___ hours after strenuous exercise

A

12 to 48 hours

149
Q

What are 3 symptoms of Exercise-Induced muscle damage?

A

-Stiffness
-Tenderness
-Swelling

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