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Biology 101 > Nervous System Chapter 12, 15 > Flashcards

Nervous System Chapter 12, 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What plays the dominant role for:
-Integration
-Coordination
-Association responses to internal and external demand

A

The Nervous System

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2
Q

The Nervous System is responsible for what 4 things?

A

-Perceptions
-Behaviors
-Memories
-Initiating all voluntary movements

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3
Q

(Major structures of the nervous system)
What is:
-Housed within the skull and contains approximately 85 billion neurons

A

The brain

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4
Q

(Major structures of the nervous system)
What are:
-Twelve pair numbered I - XII

A

Cranial Nerves

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5
Q

(Major structures of the nervous system)
What is:
-A bundle containing hundreds to thousands of axons including connective tissue and blood vessels

A

A Nerve

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6
Q

(Major structures of the nervous system)
What is:
-In a nerve
-(Axons and Dendrites)

A

Nerve Fibers

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7
Q

Nerve fibers may be ________? (4)

A

-Sensory
-Motor
-Somatic
-Autonomic

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8
Q

(Major structures of the nervous system)
What is:
-Contained within the spinal column and connected to the brain through the foramen magnum

A

Spinal Cord

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9
Q

(Major structures of the nervous system)
What are:
- Thrity- one pairs that exit from the spinal cord

A

Spinal Nerves

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10
Q

(Major structures of the nervous system)
What are:
-Small masses of nervous tissue made up primarily of neuron cell bodies

A

Ganglia

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11
Q

What are located outside the brain and spinal cord?

A

Ganglia

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12
Q

Which function of the nervous system is:
-To sense changes in the internal and external environment through sensory receptors?

A

Sensory Function

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13
Q

Which neurons serve the Sensory function?

A

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

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14
Q

Which function of the nervous system is:
-To analyze the sensory information
-Store some aspects
-Make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors

A

Integrative Function

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15
Q

Which neurons serve the Integrative function?

A

-Association or Interneurons

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16
Q

Which function of the nervous system is:
-To respond to stimuli by initiating action

A

Motor Function

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17
Q

Which neurons serve the Motor function?

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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18
Q

(Organization of the Nervous System)
What 2 parts of the body that are in the Central Nervous System? (CNS)

A

-Brain (encephalon)
-Spinal cord (Medulla spinalis)

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19
Q

(Organization of the Nervous System)
What 2 parts of the body that are in the Peripheral Nervous System? (PNS)

A

-Twelve pair of cranial nerves
-Thirty-one spinal nerve pairs

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20
Q

Which subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System is:
-Incoming information to spinal cord and brain

A

Sensory division (afferent)

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21
Q

Which subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System is:
-Outgoing information from spinal cord and brain

A

Motor Division (Efferent)

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22
Q

Which subdivision of the Motor division is:
-Efferent to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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23
Q

Which subdivision of the Motor division is:
-Efferent to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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24
Q

Somatic nervous system:
-Usually under voluntary control except in the case of ________ ________, and skeletal muscles involved in ________, _________, and ___________.

A

-Somatic reflexes
-Breathing, posture, reflexes

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24
Q

Somatic nervous system:
-A single neuron travels the entire distance to the ________.

A

Muscle

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25
Q

Somatic nervous system:
-The neurotransmitter released at the _______________ junction is ____________.

A

-Neuromuscular junction
-Acetylcholine

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26
Q

Which 2 subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous system:
-Supplies efferent to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

-Sympathetic nervous system
-Parasympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

Which subdivision of the Autonomic nervous system:
-Supplies efferent to smooth muscle and glands of G-I tract

A

Enteric nervous system

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28
Q

The entire nervous system can operate ___________ of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions but is __________ on them for proper functioning of the _________ system.

A

-Independently
-Dependent
-Digestive

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29
Q

(Autonomic Nervous System)
-Which 2 efferent neurons are utilized to reach the muscle or gland?

A

-Preganglionic (first order neuron)
-Postganglionic (second order neuron)

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30
Q

(Autonomic Nervous System)
Autonomic neurons release ____________, except postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division which release _________________.

A

-Acetylcholine
-Norepinephrine

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31
Q

(Autonomic Nervous System)
-Some first order neurons of the sympathetic division extend to __________ cells in the _________ _________ (center of adrenal gland) instead of a ganglion and release ____________.

A

-Chromaffin cells
-Adrenal medulla
-Acetylcholine

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32
Q

(Autonomic Nervous System)
-Chomaffin cells release __________ and _____________ into the blood.

A

-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine

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33
Q

What is found in:
-Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X
-Sacral nerves 2,3,4
-“Craniosacral division”

A

Parasympathetic Division

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34
Q

Which acronym is used for the Parasympathetic division?

A

Rest - and - Digest

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35
Q

What is found in:
-At T1 - L2 maybe L3 (Rare)
-“Thoracolumbar division”

A

Sympathetic Division

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36
Q

Which acronym is used for the Sympathetic division?

A

Fight - or - Flight

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37
Q

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic often have _______ effects on the same organ/muscle.

A

Opposite

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38
Q

What parasympathetic effects would happen to an organ/muscle? (3)

A

-Slows heart rate
-Speeds peristalsis
-Constricts the pupil

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39
Q

What sympathetic effects would happen to an organ/muscle? (3)

A

-Speeds heart rate
-Slows peristalsis
-Dilates the pupil

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40
Q

(Sensory Division of Nervous System)
Which subdivision is:
-Tactile, thermal, pain and proprioception
-Perception of body position
-Conscious and Unconscious

A

Somatic senses

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41
Q

(Sensory Division of Nervous System)
Which subdivision:
-Monitors internal organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems

A

Visceral senses

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42
Q

(Sensory Division of Nervous System)
Which subdivision is:
-Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

A

Special senses

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43
Q

What two principal types of cells are in the nervous system?

A

-Neurons
-Neuroglia

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44
Q

Which cells support, nourish and protect the neurons?

A

Neuroglia

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45
Q

Which cells conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another?

A

Neurons

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46
Q

Neurons carry electrical impulses in the form of ________ ___________.

A

Action potentials

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47
Q

Neurons may be ________ or ________ or _______________.

A

-Motor
-Sensory
-Interneurons

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48
Q

(Structure of a Neuron)
What is:
- A process conducting an impulse or carrying a charge towards the cell body.

A

Dendrites

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49
Q

(Structure of a Neuron)
What is:
-A single process of a neuron conducting an impulse away from the cell body towards the telodendria

A

Axon

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50
Q

(Structure of a Neuron)
What is:
-The gradual boundary between the cell body and the axon

A

Hillock

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51
Q

(Structure of a Neuron)
What is:
- The plasma membrane of an axon.

A

Axolemma

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52
Q

(Structure of a Neuron)
What is:
- A cytoplasm of an axon

A

Axoplasm

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53
Q

(Structure of a Neuron)
What are:
- Bulb shaped structures at the ends of some telodendra

A

Synaptic end bulbs or Axon terminals

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54
Q

(Structure of a Neuron)
What:
- Contains the nucleus

A

Cell body (Soma or Perikaryon)

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55
Q

(Structural classification of Neurons)
What has:
-Several dendrites & one axon
-Most common cell type

A

Multipolar

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56
Q

(Structural classification of Neurons)
What has:
-One main dendrite & one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

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57
Q

Where are Bipolar neurons found? (3)

A

-Retina
-Inner ear
-Olfactory

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58
Q

(Structural classification of Neurons)
What has:
-One process only
-Dendrites and axons fused together
-Always sensory neurons

A

Unipolar neurons

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59
Q

Types of CNS Neuroglia (Glial cells)
What type of Glial cells are:
-Most numerous cell of the CNS
-Provide pathway to deliver nutrients to neurons from blood vessels

A

Astrocytes

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60
Q

Which type of Glial cells:
-Help form blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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61
Q

Types of CNS Neuroglia (Glial cells)
What type of Glial cells:
-Form myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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62
Q

Types of CNS Neuroglia (Glial cells)
What type of Glial cells are:
-Phagocytic function engulfing invading microbes and cleaning up cellular debris

A

Microglia

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63
Q

Types of CNS Neuroglia (Glial cells)
What type of Glial cells:
-Line central canal of spinal cord and brain ventricles

A

Ependymal

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64
Q

Which type of Glial cells form cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal

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65
Q

Types of CNS Neuroglia (Glial cells)
What type of Glial cells:
-Forms myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann cells (Neurolemmocyte)

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66
Q

Types of CNS Neuroglia (Glial cells)
What type of Glial cells are:
-Flat cells surrounding neuronal cell bodies in peripheral ganglia
-Structural support of neurons in the PNS ganglia

A

Satellite cells

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67
Q

What is the:
-Covering over many nerve axons in the CNS (Oligodendrocyte) and PNS (Schwann cell)

A

Myelin sheath

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68
Q

There is no myelin over the ______ __________, cell body or _________.

A

-Axon terminals
-Hillock

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69
Q

What:
-Increases the speed of nerve impulses and insulates and maintains the nerve fiber

A

Myelin

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70
Q

How many mph does myelin increase the speed of nerve impulses?

A

1 - 270 mph

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71
Q

What are:
-Cells that surround nerve fibers and form myelin sheath in PNS
-Located on all PNS nerve fibers although not all fibers are myelinated

A

Schwann cells

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72
Q

(Schwann cells)
What are:
-Gaps between segments of myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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73
Q

What is another name for the Nodes of Ranvier

A

Neurofibral node

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74
Q

(Myelin Formation)
(1) In order to form myelin, the ________ cells wrap around the ______ _______ many times.

A

-Schwann
-Nerve fibers

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75
Q

(Myelin Formation)
(2) The nucleus and __________ are pushed to the outside.

A

-Cytoplasm

76
Q

(Myelin Formation)
(3) The inner portion consisting of up to _____ layers of Schwann cell membrane is the __________ __________.

A

-100
-Myelin sheath

77
Q

(Myelin Formation)
(4) The outer portion is called the ___________ (cytoplasm & nucleus)

A

-Neurolemma

78
Q

(Electrical Signals in Neurons)
Which Electrical signal is:
-Used for short distance communication
-Travel through dendrites and cell bodies
-May be + (depolarizing) or - (hyperpolarizing) voltage change

A

Graded potentials

79
Q

(Electrical Signals in Neurons)
Which Electrical signal is:
-Used for long distance communication
-Travel the length of axons
-Always begin with depolarization

A

Action potentials

80
Q

Which Electrical signal:
-Must occur to depolarize the neuron to threshold before action potentials can occur

A

Graded potentials

81
Q

Which Electrical signal:
-Occurs in a sensory receptor of the skin when you touch a pen

A

Graded potentials

82
Q

Graded potentials trigger an ______ _______ in a sensory neuron which travels to the _____ causing a release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse with an ___________.

A

-Action potential
-CNS
-Interneuron

83
Q

Which Electrical signal happens when:
-A voltage change which travels along a nerve or muscle fiber

A

Action potential

84
Q

What occurs when:
-The inside of a neuron cell membrane has a relative negative charge as compared to the outside.

A

Resting Membrane Potential

85
Q

(Resting Membrane Potential)
-This is the result of a small build up of _________ _____ on the inside of the membrane and ________ _____ on the outside.

A

-Negative ions
-Positive ions

86
Q

What is the typical RMP?

A

-70 mv

87
Q

(Action Potential)
-During ____________ phase of AP, the cell membrane becomes permeable to ___ allowing ___ to enter cell causing inside of cell to become less _________.

A

-Depolarizing
-Na+
-Na+
-Negative

88
Q

What phase of Action Potential:
-Na+ permeability falls to resting level
-K+ permeability increases, and cell becomes more permeable to K+ than at rest, allowing K+ to exit cell causing inside of cell to become more negative

A

Repolarizing phase

89
Q

(Action Potential)
-Whenever the inside of the cell is less negative than the resting potential, the cell is said to be ___________.

A

Depolarized

90
Q

(Action Potential)
-If the inside of the cell is more negative than the resting potential, it is ______________.

A

Hyperpolarized

91
Q

(Action Potential)
-The cell is hyperpolarized during the _____ - ___________ _______.

A

After- hyperpolarizing phase

92
Q

(Action Potential)
-Whenever a cell is depolarized to a certain level, an ________ __________ occurs.

A

Action Potential

93
Q

(Action Potential)
What is the:
-Smallest depolarization that can cause an action potential
(Word and number)

A

Threshold
-55 mv

94
Q

(Action Potential)
-Permeability changes during the action potential are caused by _______ in the ___________ opening and closing.

A

-Pores
-Membrane

95
Q

What occurs when:
-Voltage -gated Na+ channel is closed
-K+ channel is closed

A

Resting Cell Membrane

96
Q

Depolarizing cell to threshold causes:
- Immediate ______ of v-g Na+ channel
- Na+ inflow causes ___________ _____ of AP.

A

-Opening
-Depolarization phase

97
Q

-Closing of Na+ channel
-Opening of K+ channel activation gate allowing outflow of K+
Together these cause…?

A

Repolarization phase

98
Q

(Repolarization phase)
-When cell has repolarized to near resting state:
-_______ gate Na+ channel is closed
-K+ continues to ____ _____ as K+ is closing

A

-Voltage
-Flow out

99
Q

What happens when:
-Voltage gated K+ channel activation gate closes
-Local anesthesia keeps v-g Na+ channels from opening

A

Return to resting state

100
Q

What happens when:
-Stimulate a cell 2 times
-First stimulus if greater than threshold always causes an AP

A

Refractory period

101
Q

What is the:
-Period of time after first stimulus when second stimulus, no matter how large, can’t cause a second AP.

A

Absolute refractory period

102
Q

What is the:
-Period of time during which a second AP can be initiated, but only by a larger than threshold stimulus.

A

Relative refractory period

103
Q

What is another name for a:
Larger than threshold stimulus

A

Suprathreshold

104
Q

Once depolarization has occurred, we say a nerve impulse is initiated, this impulse must be __________ along the neuron.

A

Propagated (Impulse conduction)

105
Q

What:
-Occurs on unmyelinated nerve fibers or muscle fibers

A

Continuous Conduction

106
Q

What occurs when:
-A nerve impulse that is generated at one point usually excites adjacent portions of the membrane, causing the impulse to be propagated.

A

Continuous conduction

107
Q

What occurs:
-On myelinated nerves
(1)-Action potential can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier due to the insulating effects of myelin.

A

Saltatory Conduction

108
Q

what occurs when:
(2) -Electrical current flows through surrounding extracellular fluid and also through axoplasm from node to node causing depolarization at each node.
-Therefore, the impulse jumps from node to node

A

Saltatory Conduction

109
Q

What occurs:
-On myelinated nerves.
-AP occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier due to insulating effects of myelin.
-Electrical current flows through extracellular fluid and axoplasm from node to node causing depolarization at each node.
-The impulse jumps from node to node.

A

Saltatory conduction

110
Q

All-or-None Principle:
-If a stimulus is strong enough to generate a _____ AP, the impulse is conducted along the entire neuron at a _______ and _________ strength for the existing condition.

A

-Nerve
-Constant and Maximum

111
Q

What does this describe:
-Either the impulse is propagated along the entire length of the neuron at the same amplitude, or it doesn’t travel at all.

A

All-or-None principle

112
Q

(Speed of Nerve Impulses)
What are:
-Myelinated
-12 - 130 meters/second
-Major sensory nerves
-Large motor nerves to skeletal muscles

A

A Fibers

113
Q

Where are A Fibers involved?

A

-Where rapid response is vital
-Touch, pressure, heat, cold, position of joints

114
Q

(Speed of Nerve Impulses)
What are:
-Medium size myelinated
-10 - 15 meters/second
-Autonomic efferent to autonomic ganglia

A

B Fibers

115
Q

(Speed of Nerve Impulses)
What are:
-Small non-myelinated
-0.5 -2 meters/ second
-Autonomic efferents from autonomic ganglia to heart, smooth muscle and glands.

A

C Fibers

116
Q

Which fibers have:
-Sensory from viscera to brain and spinal cord

A

B Fibers

117
Q

Which fibers have:
-Pain, touch, pressure, heat and cold from skin, and pain impulses from viscera

A

C Fibers

118
Q

What is a:
-Junction between 2 neurons

A

Synapses

119
Q

A junction between 2 neurons may be:
Axon > _________
Axon > _________
Axon > _________

A

-Dendrite
-Axon hillock
-Cell body

120
Q

What is the name for the junction:
Axon > Dendrite

A

Axodendritic

121
Q

What is the name for the junction:
Axon > Axon hillock

A

Axoaxonic

122
Q

What is the name for the junction:
Axon > Cell body

A

Axosomatic

123
Q

What is:
-A nerve impulses travel from one cell to another through small, protein, tubular structures in gap junctions

A

Electrical Synapses

124
Q

What are tubular structures in gap junctions called?

A

Connexons

125
Q

Electrical synapses are faster than ________ synapses.

A

Chemical

126
Q

-Presynaptic neuron
-Postsynaptic neuron
-Axon terminal
-Synaptic cleft
-Synaptic vesicle
-neurotransmitter receptor
Are components of what?

A

Components of a Chemical Synapse

127
Q

(Chemical Synapses)
(1) Action potential conducted to tip of axon depolarizing the ____________ ________.

A

Presynaptic terminal

128
Q

What is another name for the: Presynaptic Terminal

A

Synaptic end bulb

129
Q

(Chemical Synapses)
(2) Terminal cell membrane permeable to Ca2+. Ca2+ _______ into presynaptic terminal.

A

Diffuses

130
Q

(Chemical Synapses)
(3) Ca2+ attracts ________ __________ to the plasma membrane and neurotransmitter is released into _________ ______ by exocytosis.

A

-Synaptic vesicles
-Synaptic cleft

131
Q

(Chemical Synapses)
(4) _____________ diffuses across synaptic cleft.

A

Transmitter

132
Q

(Chemical Synapses)
(5) Two possibilities:
-Neurotransmitter may cause _____________ or _______________

A

-Depolarization (Excitatory graded potential)
-Hyperpolarization (Inhibitory graded potential)

133
Q

(Chemical Synapses)
(6) Postsynaptic neuron is depolarized causing an __________ ___________ ________.

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

134
Q

(Chemical Synapses)
(7) Postsynaptic neuron is hyperpolarized causing inhibition at postsynaptic membrane called an __________ ____________ _________.

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

135
Q

Does IPSP or EPSP:
-Increases permeability to CL- and CL- flows into the cell or less commonly an increased permeability to K+ (flows out)

A

IPSP

136
Q

Does IPSP or EPSP:
-Increases permeability to positive ions. (Na+ main effect flows in)

A

EPSP

137
Q

Is IPSP or EPSP:
-Hyperpolarizing

A

IPSP

138
Q

Is IPSP or EPSP:
Depolarizing

A

EPSP

139
Q

Does IPSP or EPSP:
-Push inside of cell away from threshold

A

IPSP

140
Q

Does IPSP or EPSP:
-Tend to depolarize cell toward threshold

A

EPSP

141
Q

EPSP’s cause an ____ in postsynaptic neurons through __________.
EPSP’s must be added to __________ cells to threshold.

A

-AP
-Summation
-Depolarize

142
Q

What type of summation is:
-A single presynaptic end bulb firing two or more times in rapid succession.

A

Temporal Summation

143
Q

What type of summation is:
-Several presynaptic end bulbs release their neurotransmitter on the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time

A

Spatial summation

144
Q

(Neurotransmitters)
-Both _________ and _________ neurotransmitters are present in the ____ and ___; the same neurotransmitter may be ________ in some locations and _________ in others.

A

-Excitatory and Inhibitory
-CNS and PNS
-Excitatory
-Inhibitory

145
Q

-Acetylcholine
-Glutamate
-Aspartate
-Gamma aminobutyric acid
-Glycine
-Norepinephrine
-Epinephrine
-Dopamine
Are all what?

A

Important neurotransmitters

146
Q

Name as many Important neurotransmitters as you can. (8)

A

-Acetylcholine
-Glutamate
-Aspartate
-Gamma aminobutyric acid
-Glycine
-Norepinephrine
-Epinephrine
-Dopamine

147
Q

(Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters)
What is:
-Released by many PNS neurons and some CNS
-Excitatory on NMJ but inhibitory at others (Slows heart rate)

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

148
Q

(Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters)
What is:
-Glutamate released by nearly all excitatory neurons in the brain
-GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter for 1/3 of all brain synapses

A

Amino Acids

149
Q

(Amino Acids)
________ is a GABA agonist - enhancing its inhibitory effect.

A

Valium

150
Q

(Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters)
What are:
-Modified amino acids

A

Biogenic Amines

151
Q

What are the 2 Biogenic Amines? (modified amino acids)

A

-Tyrosine
-Tryptophan

152
Q

What:
-Regulates mood, dreaming, awakening from deep sleep
from Tyrosine?

A

Norepinephrine

153
Q

What:
-Regulates skeletal muscle tone
from Tyrosine?

A

Dopamine

154
Q

What:
-Control of mood, temperature regulation, and induction of sleep
from Tryptophan?

A

Serotonin

155
Q

(Neuropeptides)
-What:
Enhances our perception of pain

A

Substance P

156
Q

(Pain relief)
What has a:
-Pain relieving effect 200 times stronger than morphine

A

Enkephalins

157
Q

Endorphins and dynorphins are examples of ….?

A

Opioid peptides

158
Q

What is:
-The nervous systems ability to change in form and function based on experience throughout your life.

A

Plasticity (Neuroplasticity)

159
Q

(Regeneration & Repair)
-Neurons have the ability to change its _________ contacts with other neurons including increased ___________ of __________. (Rewire its connections)

A

-Synaptic
-Branching of dendrities

160
Q

Plasticity allows healthy parts of the ________ system to take over the function of areas that are ___________.

A

-Nervous
-Damaged

161
Q

Plasticity can also occur as a result of ___________, ____________, and ____________ ____________.

A

Learning, Experience, and Memory formation

162
Q

What is:
-The ability of neurons to replicate or repair themselves.

A

Regeneration

163
Q

(Regeneration)
-PNS dendrites and myelinated axons have some limited ability to be ________ if the ____ ______ remains intact.

A

-Repaired
-Cell body

164
Q

(Regeneration)
-Little or no ______ of CNS neurons occur after ________.

A

-Repair
-Damage

165
Q

What disorder is:
-Destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding the neurons in the CNS
-Symptoms include:
-Numbness, tingling, weakness and visual problems

A

Multiple Sclerosis

166
Q

What disorder is:
-Appears ages 20-40 and affects females 2x as often as males
-Autoimmune, no cause
-Myelin sheaths deteriorate to scleroses
-MRI reveal the plaques in the brain and spinal cord

A

Multiple Sclerosis

167
Q

What disorder is:
-Short recurrent attacks of motor, sensory, or psychological functions
-Nonidentifiable cause in about half the people affected

A

Epilepsy

168
Q

What disorder is:
-Seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness
-Causes: brain damage, tumors, strokes, infections, head trauma, possible genetic influences

A

Epilepsy

169
Q

What disorder is:
-A deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals
-Virus spreads to the CNS

A

Rabies

170
Q

What disorder is:
-An acute demyelinating disorder in which macrophages attack myelin in PNS neurons
-Autoimmune
-Exact cause isn’t known

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

171
Q

(Disorders of the Nervous System)
What disorder is:
-Numbness, tingling and weakness that leads to acute paralysis
-Appears days or weeks after a bacterial infection
-Recent surgery or immunization rarely trigger it
-Most recover completely or partially, 15% remain paralyzed

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

172
Q

What disorder is:
-A malignant tumor consisting of immature nerve cells (neuroblasts)

A

neuroblastoma

173
Q

What disorder is:
-Most commonly occurs around adrenal glands
-most commonly affects children under the age of 5

A

Neuroblastoma

174
Q

What disorder is:
-Digits become ischemic after exposure to cold or emotional stress
-Excessive sympathetic stimulation resulting in vasoconstriction of arterioles

A

Raynaud phenomenon

175
Q

What disorder is:
-Digits may become cyanotic (appear blue) or blanch (appear white)
-Once the digits rewarm after exposure to cold, they may appear red due to arterioles dilating

A

Raynaud phenomenon

176
Q

What disorder is:
-A disruption to sympathetic innervation to one side of the face
-Ptosis (drooping of eyelids), miosis (constricted pupil), anhidrosis (lack of sweating)
-Common causes are:
-Injury to neck, head or shoulder, tumor or disease affecting sympathetic pathway, inherited defect

A

Horner’s syndrome

177
Q

What disorder is:
-Potentially life-threatening overreaction of the sympathetic nervous system in response to spinal cord injuries above the level of T6

A

Autonomic dysreflexia

178
Q

What disorder is:
-Results when certain sensory inputs such as a full bladder, distended or irritated bowel are unable to ascend the spinal cord
-Leads to elevated blood pressure and slower heart rate
-Treatment involves identifying the cause and applying appropriate intervention

A

Autonomic dysreflexia

179
Q

What disorder is:
-After limb amputation, sensations such as pain, itching, pressure or tingling may still be felt as if the limb was still there

A

Phantom limb pain

180
Q

What is:
Loss of voluntary muscular fucntion

A

Paralysis

181
Q

What type of paralysis is:
-Atrophy and loss of muscle tone and deep tendon reflexes(hypo-reflexive)
-Indicates a lower motor neuron lesion (Damage to peripheral nervous system)

A

Flaccid paralysis

182
Q

What type of paralysis is:
-Muscles are spastic or rigid
-Increased deep tendon reflexes (Hyper-reflexive) and a positive Babinski sign
-indicates an upper motor neuron lesion (Damage to the central nervous system)

A

Spastic paralysis

183
Q

What occurs when:
-The great toe extends, and the other toes abduct in response to the sole of the foot being firmly stroked

A

Babinski sign

184
Q

ATP and other purines:
-ADP, AMP & Adenosine
Are what?

A

Excitatory in both CNS and PNS and are Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters

185
Q

What are:
-Formed from amino acid arginine by an enzyme
-Formed on demand and acts immediately
-First recognized as vasodilator that helps lower blood pressure

A

Gases- Nitric oxide or Nitrous Oxide

186
Q

(Action Potential)
-When the voltage changes from negative to positive, it’s considered ____________

A

Depolarization

187
Q

(Action Potential)
-When the voltage changes from positive to negative, it’s considered ______________

A

Repolarization

188
Q

(Action Potential)
-When the voltage goes more negative than resting membrane potential, it’s considered _______________

A

Hyperpolarization

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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