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Lab Exam > Special Senses (chapter 15) > Flashcards

Special Senses (chapter 15) Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs when a physical or chemical stimulus is converted into a neural signal that can be interpreted by the brain.

A

Transduction

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2
Q

Sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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3
Q

A small patch of specialized epithelium located in the superior region of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory epithelium

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4
Q

Modified bipolar neurons that detect the chemical substances we perceive as odors

A

Olfactory neurons

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5
Q

Chemical substances in the air that can be transduced into signals the brain can interpret

A

Odorants

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6
Q

A sensory receptor that responds to a change in the concentration of a specific chemical in the air or the body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

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7
Q

A structure located in the brain just superior to the ethmoid bone and inferior to the frontal lobe of the brain

A

Olfactory bulb

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8
Q

Carries olfactory information to further parts of the brain for analysis

A

Olfactory tract

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9
Q

Stem cells that develop into olfactory neurons; lifespan 10-14 days

A

Basal cells

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10
Q

Columnar cells that support and surround the olfactory neurons; have no role in taste sensation

A

Supporting cells

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11
Q

Responsible for the awareness and identification of an odor; the only sensory pathway that has no synapse in the thalamus

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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12
Q

Lack of olfaction (smell)

A

Anosmia

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13
Q

Reduce olfactory sensitivity

A

Hyposmia

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14
Q

Sense of taste

A

Gustation

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15
Q

Clusters of receptor cells and supporting cells on the tongue that detect taste sensations

A

Taste buds

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16
Q

Round projections that covers the tongue

A

Papillae

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17
Q

The largest and most dome-shaped; each contains hundreds of taste buds

A

Vallate (circumvallate) papillae

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18
Q

Mushroom-shaped and contain only a few taste buds

A

Fungiform papillae

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19
Q

Ridges on the sides of the tongue and contain taste buds only in childhood

A

Foliate papillae

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20
Q

Long, thin cylinders scattered across the tongue; they do not contain taste buds but have sensory nerve endings that detect texture and temperature of food

A

Filiform papillae

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21
Q

Specialized epithelial cells with microvilli that contain receptors that detect different tastes

A

Gustatory (taste) cells

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22
Q

Small pocket on the surface of the papilla

A

Taste pore

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23
Q

Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose

A

Sweet tastes

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24
Q

Produced by hydrogen ions, found in the citric acid of lemon juice

A

Sour tastes

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25
Q

this taste is due to the presence of metal ions such as sodium and potassium ions

A

Salty tastes

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26
Q

Flavors are imparted by many nitrogen-containing compounds and are often found in rancid or poisonous substances

A

Bitter taste

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27
Q

A taste often associated with meat or broth, is produced by glutamate or other amino acids

A

Umami taste (savory)

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28
Q

Pathway:
*facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus nerves carry taste to the CNS

  • axons of the 3 nerves terminate in the solitary nucleus in the medulla by synapsing onto central sensory neurons
  • axons from the nucleus synapses on neurons in the thalamus, which then send the taste signals to the primary gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe
A

The Gustatory Pathway

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29
Q

Two thin folds that cover the anterior part of the orbit, prevents objects from entering the eye, and distribute tears across the eye when blinking

A

Eyelids (Palpebrae)

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30
Q

A thin piece of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that the eyelid is stiffened by

A

Tarsal plate

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31
Q

Modified sebaceous glands that are located in the tarsal plate and secrete oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together

A

Tarsal glands

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32
Q

A fleshy structure found at the medial commissure that contains sebaceous glands that secrete a whitish lubricating substance

A

Lacrimal caruncle

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33
Q

Hairs along the ridge of the brow that serve as a protective function

34
Q

Stiff hairs located in the edges of the upper and lower eyelids

35
Q

A thin epithelial membrane that lines the posterior surfaces of the eyelids

A

Conjunctiva (palpebral)

36
Q

Covers the anterior surface of the white part of the eye

A

Conjunctiva (ocular or bulbar)

37
Q

Tiny holes in the medial edge of each eyelid, where tears first enter

A

Lacrimal puncta

38
Q

Small ducts that empty into the lacrimal sac

A

Lacrimal canliculi

39
Q

Small depression in the lacrimal bone and drains into the nasolacrimal duct

A

Lacrimal sac

40
Q 
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
A

The Six Extrinsic Muscles

41
Q

When the eyes cannot move together, they send different images to the brain, which is interpreted as blurred or double vision

A

Diplopia (lazy eye or strabismus)

42
Q

The white fibrous layer of the eyeball that covers approximately five-sixths of its surface, maintains shape of the eyeball and lubricates it

43
Q

The translucent (clear) part of the eyeball that admit light into eye and focus it

44
Q

Vascular layer of the eyeball that contain many blood vessels called capillaries as well as pigment to reduce the scattering of light

45
Q

Continuous with the choroid, contains a ring of smooth muscle that surrounds and control the shape of the lens

A

Ciliary body

46
Q

Connect the ciliary body to the lens

A

Suspensory ligaments

47
Q

The colored portion of the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye

48
Q

The hole located in the middle of the iris, allows light to strike the retina

49
Q

Muscle contracts following parasympathetic stimulation and constricts the pupil to reduce the amount of light entering the eye

A

Pupillary sphincter

50
Q

Muscle contracts following sympathetic stimulation and enlarged the pupil to permit the entrance of more light into the eye (dilate the pupil)

A

Pupillary Dialator

51
Q

The innermost layer of the eyeball that contains photoreceptors

52
Q

Specialized to detect the presence of light and produce a neural signal

A

Photoreceptor cells

53
Q

An area in the retina that contain a high density of photoreceptors (cones)

A

Fovea centralis

54
Q

The yellowish region where the fovea is located that also contains a high density of photoreceptors

A

Macula lutea

55
Q

Portion of the retina that does not contain photoreceptors, axons of the optic nerve gather here

A

Optics disc (blind spot)

56
Q

Flattened sphere located posterior to the iris and pupil and focuses light on the retina from objects near the eye

57
Q

Posterior to the lens, filled with gelatinous material called vitreous humor

A

Posterior cavity

58
Q

Presses the retina against the choroid and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball

A

Vitreous humor

59
Q

The area anterior the the lens and ciliary body that contains the the anterior and posterior chambers that are filled with aqueous humor

A

Anterior cavity

60
Q

Secreted by the ciliary body

A

Aqueous humor

61
Q

Blood vessels that circles the anterior edge of the iris that prevent the build up of aqueous humor by draining at the same rate as the anterior chamber

A

Scleral venous sinus

62
Q

A clouded lens that light cannot pass through even if there are functional photoreceptors

63
Q

Aqueous humor cannot drain and fluid builds up in the anterior and posterior chambers

64
Q

The range of wavelengths that we can detect with our eyes, and we perceive segments of that range as particular colors

A

Visible light

65
Q

When the eye is relaxed and focusing on a distant object

A

Emmetropic

66
Q

The lens increases its total refraction by changing its shape from flattened to round

A

Accommodation

67
Q

The closest point at which we can focus on an object

A

Near point accommodation

68
Q

A condition in which the lens stiffens with age and cannot focus on near objects

A

Presbyopia

69
Q

The length of the eyeball is normal in the anterior-posterior direction and the lens can focus light on the retina

A

Emmetropia

70
Q

The eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat and the lens cannot round up enough, and the image focuses behind the retina causing blurry images when viewing objects up close

A

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

71
Q

The distance between the cornea and the retina is too long, or the cornea curves too much and the lens cannot flatten enough, which focuses the light in front of the retina and blurs the image when viewing distant objects

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)

72
Q

Neurons that synapses with photoreceptors and communicate with retinal ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

73
Q

The most anterior cells in the retina

A

Retinal ganglion cells

74
Q

Contain pigments that allow us to perceive color and they function best in bright light

75
Q

Cannot detect color, but they are very sensitive and capable of responding in dim light (white and black)

76
Q

The pigment in rods

77
Q

Pigment in cones

78
Q

When a person lacks a functional gene for one or more cone pigments (red, green, blue)

A

Color blindness

79
Q

An X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the optic nerves at the midline, location were some of the axons of the optic nerve cross to the other side of the brain

A

Optic chiasma

80
Q

Forms after the axons leaves the optic chiasma

A

Optic tracts

81
Q

Where most of the axons end in the thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Lab Exam (4 decks)

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