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Lab Exam > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Located inferior to the hypothalamus and is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

A

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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2
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into which two lobes?

A

Anterior pituitary lobe and the posterior pituitary lobe

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3
Q
  • also called the neurohypophysis

* composed of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary lobe

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4
Q
  • also called adenohypophysis
  • composed of grandular tissue
  • regulated by hypothalamus
A

Anterior pituitary lobe

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5
Q

What hormones are secreted or stored in the anterior pituitary lobe?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
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6
Q

Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary lobe?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

* oxytocin (OXT)

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7
Q
  • stimulates cell growth and division

* targets bones, muscles, and other tissues

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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8
Q
  • stimulates release of adrenal cortex hormones

* targets the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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9
Q
  • stimulates release of thyroid hormones

* target thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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10
Q
  • stimulates development of ova and sperm

* targets gonads

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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11
Q
  • stimulates secretion of sex hormones

* targets gonads

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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12
Q
  • stimulates milk production

* targets mammary glands

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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13
Q
  • stimulates melanin production

* targets melanocytes

A

Melanocytes-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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14
Q
  • stimulates water reabsorption

* targets renal tubules

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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15
Q
  • stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery, and release of milk
  • targets uterus and mammary glands
A

Oxytocin (OT)

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16
Q

Butterfly-shaped organ located in the anterior neck, partially wrapping around the trachea just below the larynx

A

Thyroid gland

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17
Q

Work together to regulate oxygen utilization and rate of metabolism of the cells. Targets essentially every cell of the body and secreted by follicle cells

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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18
Q

Reduces blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into bone and excreted by the kidneys

A

Calcitonin (CT)

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19
Q

Cells that secrete calcitonin are called?

A

Parafollicular cells or C-cells

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20
Q

Raises blood calcium level by causing calcium to be removed from bone and reabsorbed by the kidney. Targets bones and kidneys

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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21
Q

Microscopically the parathyroid glands are composed of?

A

Chief cells and oxyphil cells

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22
Q

Each adrenal gland is subdivided into two regions with different functions which include?

A

The outer cortex and the inner medulla

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23
Q

The adrenal cortex produces many steroid hormones, which, as a group, are called

A

Corticosteroid hormones

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24
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes the “fight or flight” hormones?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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25
Q

The adrenal cortex secreted what hormones?

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • androgens
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26
Q

Increase renal absorption of sodium and targets the kidneys

A

Aldosterone

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27
Q

Affects the rate of glucose metabolism and targets most cells

A

Cortisol

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28
Q

Precursors of male and female sex hormones

A

Androgens

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29
Q

Increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels and targets most cells

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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30
Q

Two ovarian hormones are?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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31
Q

Two hormones that act on ovaries?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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32
Q

Signals consist of a chemical secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby but different types of cells.

A

Paracrine signal

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33
Q

A chemical secreted by cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type.

A

Autocrine signal

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34
Q

Hormone secreted into the blood and travels to affect distant tissues.

A

Endocrine signal

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35
Q

What are the three types of chemical signals?

A

Endocrine

Paracrine

Autocrine

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36
Q

Interact with their target cells and influence the cells functions in order to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis (promotes growth, regulate metabolic reactions, etc)

A

Hormones

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37
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A 
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads
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38
Q

Particular cells that hormones affect.

A

Target cells

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39
Q

Specific proteins to which hormones can bind.

A

Receptors

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40
Q

What are the glands of the endocrine system?

A 
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads
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41
Q

Interact with their target cells and influence the cells functions in order to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis (promotes growth, regulate metabolic reactions, etc)

A

Hormones

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42
Q

What are the three types of chemical signals?

A

Endocrine signal
Paracrine signal
Autocrine signal

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43
Q

The hormone is secreted into the blood and travels to affect distant tissues

A

Endocrine signal

44
Q

Chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby but different types of cells

A

Paracrine signal

45
Q

Chemical secreted by the cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type

A

Autocrine signal

46
Q

Organs of the endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands

47
Q

An organ that consists of nervous tissue and secretes hormones

A

Neuroendocrine organ

48
Q

Particular cells that hormones affect

A

Target cells

49
Q

Specific proteins to which hormones can bind

A

Receptors

50
Q

When the level of a particular hormone rises in the blood, certain target cells will produce more receptors for that hormone

A

Up-regulation

51
Q

Prolonged exposure to a high level of a given hormone causes target cells to decrease in the number of receptors specific for that hormone

A

Down-regulation

52
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A

Amino acid-based

Steroid

53
Q

A hormone that consists of one or more amino acids, hydrophilic and so bind to the plasma membrane receptors

A

Amino acid-based hormone

54
Q

Cholesterol derivatives with a core of hydrocarbon rings, hydrophobic and so interact with plasma membrane or intracellular receptors

A

Steroid hormone

55
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from ATP.

A

Adenylate cyclase

56
Q

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule (phosphorylation).

A

Protein kinases

57
Q

Hormones that act on the same target cell to exert the same effect.

A

Synergists

58
Q

Hormones that act on the same target cell to expert opposite effects

A

Antagonists

59
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland (hypophysis) by a stalk called?

A

Infundibulum

60
Q

The hormone that controls water balance

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

61
Q

Lack of ADH secretion or activity

A

Diabetes insipidis

62
Q

Hormone that supports reproduction and milk release

A

Oxytocin

63
Q

Positive feedback loop that induces lactation in an hungry infant to suckle which stimulates milk release. When the infant becomes full and stop suckling the feedback loop is broken.

A

Milk let-down reflex

64
Q

Stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

A

Releasing hormone

65
Q

Inhibits the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

A

Inhibiting hormone

66
Q

GH hypersecretion occurs before closure of epiphyseal plates

A

Gigantism

67
Q

GH hypersecretion occurs after closure of the epiphyseal plates

A

Acromegaly

68
Q

GH hypersecretion prior to closure of the epiphyseal plates

A

Pituitary dwarfism

69
Q

Connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Isthmus

70
Q

A protein rich gelatinous material that fills the interior of a follicle

A

Colloid

71
Q

The spheres in the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicles

72
Q

Clusters of cells between the thyroid follicles that produce calcitonin

A

Parafollicullar cells

73
Q

Hormone secreting cells that produce parathyroid hormone

A

Chief cells

74
Q

Overproduction of the thyroid hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism

75
Q

Underproduction of the thyroid hormone

A

Hypothyroidism

76
Q

A type of hyperthyroidism which results from the immune system producing abnormal proteins that mimic the actions of TSH on the thyroid gland,

A

Graves’ disease

77
Q

An enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

Goiter

78
Q

When an infant is born with inadequate thyroid function

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

79
Q

Occurs when the calcium ion level in the blood increases above normal

A

Hypercalcemia

80
Q

Regulate the concentration of certain minerals in the body such as sodium and potassium ions (fluid and electrolyte homeostasis)

A

Mineralocorticoids

81
Q

Hypersecretion of aldosterone that causes abnormally low extracellular concentration of potassium ions

A

Hypokalemia

82
Q

Hypersecretion of aldosterone that causes abnormally high extracellular concentration of sodium ions

A

Hypernatremia

83
Q

Produced in the zone fasciculata and sons reticularis and their main role is to help mediate the body’s response to stress (metabolic homeostasis)

A

Glucocorticoids

84
Q

Series of changes that maintains homeostasis when the body is faced with a stressor (exercise, emotional excitement, etc)

A

Stress response

85
Q

Oversecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, usually from a tumor

A

Cushing disease

86
Q

Hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol

A

Addison’s disease

87
Q

Sex hormones that affect the reproductive organs, or gonads, and multiple other tissues

A

Androgenic steroids

88
Q

Neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal medulla that derive from nervous tissue

A

Chromaffin cells

89
Q

Small round islands of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

90
Q

Exocrine cells in the pancreas that are located around small ducts, into which they secrete enzymes and other products that are delivered into the digestive tract

A

Acinar cells

91
Q

What are the two groups of cells in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets

Acinar cells

92
Q

What are the three main cell types of the islets?

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

93
Q

Secrete the peptide hormone glucagon

A

Alpha cells

94
Q

Secrete the protein hormone insulin

A

Beta cells

95
Q

Secrete the peptide hormone somatostatin

A

Delta cells

96
Q

When insulin levels rise to high and the blood glucose level drops

A

Hypoglycemia

97
Q

When insulin levels decrease and blood glucose levels becomes elevated

A

Hyperglycemia

98
Q

What are the two most common causes of hyperglycemia?

A

Diabetes mellitus 1 and 2

99
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by the thymus?

A

Thymosin

Thymopoietin

100
Q

What hormone does the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

101
Q

Wants are the two types of gonads?

A

Testes (sperm)

Ovaries (Ova/Eggs)

102
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sperm and Ova/Eggs

103
Q

What hormone does adipose tissue secrete?

A

Leptin (promotes satiety)

104
Q

What hormone does the cardiac muscle cells secrete?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

105
Q

What hormones does the kidneys secrete?

A

Erythropoietin production (EPO)
Renin
Conversion of vitamin D

Lab Exam (4 decks)

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