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Anatomy and Physiology sem 1 > special senses and the nervous system > Flashcards

special senses and the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

how does light enter the eye

A

enters through the cornea to the pupil then the lens then the retina then the optic nerve (photoreceptors) to the optic disc

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2
Q

sclera

A

white part of the eye that supports the eyeball

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3
Q

cornea

A

a structural barrier that prevents and protects the eyes against infection

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4
Q

choroid

A

thin layer of tissue apart of the middle layer of the wall filled with blood vessels (brings o2 and nutrients)

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5
Q

retina

A

layer of photoreceptor cells that capture incoming photons and transmits them along neuron pathways

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6
Q

lens

A

changes the focal distance of the eye through by focusing the light that passes through the retina

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7
Q

iris

A

contracts and regulates the amount of light that enters the pupil (muscle) more =bigger

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8
Q

pupil

A

opening in the centre of the iris and allows light to pass through

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9
Q

optic nerve and optic disc

A

optic nerve relays messages from your eyes to brain (visual). optic disc sends all visual data to the brain and signifies the beginning of the optic nerve

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10
Q

vitreous humour

A

fluid that provides nutrients and maintains shape. sticks to retina to let light back in

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11
Q

aquemous humor

A

fluid that provides pressurised state

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12
Q

auricle

A

collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal (external auditory meatus), where the sound is amplified.

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13
Q

external auditory meatus

A

passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum membrane, of each ear.

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14
Q

external auditory canal

A
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15
Q

tympanic membrane

A
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16
Q

ossicles

A
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17
Q

cochlea

A
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18
Q

utricle

A
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19
Q

saccule

A
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20
Q

semicircular canals

A
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21
Q

eustachian tube/auditory tube

A
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22
Q

white matter

A

contains myelinated axons and neurons

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23
Q

central nervous system

A

composed of the brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

periphial nervous system

A

composed of nervous structures outside the cns (nerves and ganglia)

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25
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

subdivision of pns. contains autonomic sensory neurons and autonomic motor neurons (INVOLUNTARY) conveys information from the cns to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

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26
Q

sympathetic division

A

subdivision of ans supports fight and flight response

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27
Q

parasympathetic division

A

subdivision of ANS controls rest and digest response

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28
Q

somatic nervous system

A

subdivision of PNS. somatic neurons and somatic motor neurons (voluntary) conveys info to and from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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29
Q

cell body

A

the compact section of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

30
Q

dendrites

A

where a neuron receives input from other cells.

31
Q

axon

A

portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

32
Q

nucleus

A

component of the nucleus is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the substance of the chromosomes and genes.

33
Q

myelin sheath

A

Myelin is an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

34
Q

node of ranvier

A

node of Ranvier, periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

35
Q

axon terminal

A

Axon terminals are the end part of a nerve cell that make synaptic connections with another nerve cell or with an effector cell

36
Q

axon hillock

A

the axon hillock is the site of transition between the cell body and the start of the axon.

37
Q

schwann cell

A

type of glial cell that performs myelination surrounds and wraps neurons, essential roles in the development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves.

38
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

glial cells that that performs myelination in the central nervous system.

39
Q

neuroliga

A

glial cells help to protect and maintain healthy function of neurons, insulates neurons so that electrical signals can travel more quickly

40
Q

process of myelination

A

formed by glial cells, they wrap themselves around the axon of the nerve cell, insulates the cell membrane of the nerve cell against flow of electrical current (movement of ions across teh cell membrane) and in doing so prevents formation of action potentials and increases speed of electrical communication.

41
Q

synapse

A

The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell. Nerve impulses are carried to the neighboring cell by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which are released by the nerve cell and are taken up by another cell on the other side of the synapse.

42
Q

location sensory and motor neurons and the direction of electrical impulses travel

A

Two main types of neurons are sensory neurons and motor neurons. Sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system. Motor neurons carry nerve impulses from the central nervous system to organs, glands, and muscles—the opposite direction.

43
Q

multipolar unipolar and bipolar neurons

A

Unipolar neurons have one axon. Bipolar neurons have an axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body toward opposite poles. Multipolar (brain) neurons have multiple dendrites and a single axon.

44
Q

cerebrum

A

two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) (deep groove that seperates) that is connected by cerebral cortex made of cell bodies and neurons

45
Q

frontal lobe

A

higher order thinking

46
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory input

47
Q

occipital lobe

A

sight

48
Q

termporal lobe

A

hearing

49
Q

insular lobe

A

emotion

50
Q

gyri

A

surface of cerebrum that is highly folded and allows a greater amount of cortex to fit

51
Q

sulci

A

prominent groves that divide the cerebrum into distinct lobes

52
Q

diencephalon

A

deep within the brain that forms walls in the third ventricle contains thalamus and hypothalamus

53
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and COORDINATION

54
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

located in the ventricles of the brain and fills space, supports the brain growth, protects against external trauma

55
Q

brainstem

A

(involuntary responses) contains pons, midbrain and medulla oblaganta
breathing and heart rate

56
Q

thalamus

A

sensory processing to cortex

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls various homeostatic functions

58
Q

pituitary gland

A

growth hormone, which regulates growth. (thyroid stimulating)

59
Q

structure of ventricles

A

four cavities- two lateral ventricles the third and fourth ventricle- choroid plexusus- subarachnoid space

60
Q

dorsal and ventral root

A

dorsal roots (posterior roots) allow sensory neurons to enter the spinal cord. ventral roots (anterior roots) allow motor neurons to exit the spinal cord.

61
Q

dorsal root gangilon

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurons that transmit sensory impulses
Function Transmission of sensory neural signals to the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system

62
Q

spinal nerve

A

Your spinal nerves send electrical signals between your brain, spinal cord and the rest of your body. These electrical nerve signals help you feel sensations (sensory nerve) and move your body (motor nerves).

63
Q

white matter

A

contains the myelinated axons of neurons

64
Q

grey matter

A

contains the cell bodies of neurons

65
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of membraneous connective tissue that protects the cns, safeguarding organs and cns against trauma from direct contact from bones (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

66
Q

cervical plexus

A

provide skeletal muscle control of the neck and upper torso as well as providing cutaneous sensation to parts of the occiput, neck, and shoulder.

67
Q

brachial plexus

A

The brachial plexus is a major network of nerves transmitting signals responsible for motor and sensory innervation of the upper extremities, including the shoulder, arm, and hand.

68
Q

lumbar plexus

A

The lumbar plexus is an essential collection of nerves that arise from mostly the lumbar spinal cord.

69
Q

sacral plexus

A

a nerve plexus that provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis

70
Q

paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia

A

consist of sympathetic ganglia which contain nerve cell bodies of the postgangilonic sympathetic nerves. located either side of the vertebre provide long unmyelinated axons and innervate the pupil, heart, respiratory system, blood vessels, and sweat glands of the face, trunk, and limbs.

71
Q

preganglionic and postanglionic neurons

A

The preganglionic neuron travels from its origin in the brain or spinal cord to a ganglion (collection of cytons outside the CNS). The postganglionic neuron begins in and travels from the ganglion to the smooth muscle or gland being innervated.

Anatomy and Physiology sem 1 (4 decks)

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