Respiratory system

Question 1

What is the respiratory tract (respiratory system) comprised of?

Answer 1

nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Question 2

external nose?

Answer 2

an external structure which projects anteriorly from the face and a larger internal portion consisting if two nasal cavities (nostrils), responsible for smell and air facilitation.

Question 3

nasal cavities

Answer 3

large paired air filled spaces separated by the nasal septum and continuous with the two nostrils that filters and warms the air.

Question 4

nasal conchae (nasal turbinates)

Answer 4

curved shelves of bone projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity (three pairs: inferior, middle and superior).

Question 5

function of the nasal conchae

Answer 5

to increase surface area of mucosa exposed to air turbulence as air passes through the nose. The inhaled particles are pushed towards the mucosal lining, trapping pathogens from reaching lungs.

Question 6

paranasal sinuses

Answer 6

group of four paired air filled spaces that surround nasal cavity that warm and fight pathogens in the air before reaching the lungs.
(maxillary sinuses are located under the eyes, frontal is above, ethmoidal are between and sphenoidal are behind).

Question 7

hard palate

Answer 7

located at the roof of the mouth, formed by a thin horizontal bony palate of the skull that assists swallowing, breathing and speech.

Question 8

soft palate

Answer 8

soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth and does not contain bone that assists swallowing, breathing and speech.

Question 9

Uvula

Answer 9

composed of mainly connective tissue and some muscular fibres its a projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palette (dangly bit at the back of throat) prevents food and liquid from going up your nose when you swallow. It also secretes saliva to keep your mouth hydrated.

Question 10

Pharynx (throat)

Answer 10

muscular tube that extends from the back of the nasal cavities to the oesophagus that is the passageway for food and air

Question 11

nasopharynx

Answer 11

posterior to the nasal cavity, contains the tonsils and opening of auditory tubes

Question 12

orophanyx

Answer 12

located posterior to the mouth contains the tonsil and posterior portion of the tongue

Question 13

laryngopharynx

Answer 13

located posterior to larynx and continuous with the oesophegous

Question 14

larynx (voice box)

Answer 14

known as the voice box that facilitates air and food into channels and co ordinates speech, contains the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottis. it protects the lower airway by closing abruptly, halting respiration and preventing the entry of foreign matter into the airway

Question 15

thyroid cartilage

Answer 15

hyaline cartilage structure that gives the characteristic triangular shape to the anterior wall of the larynx

Question 16

cricoid cartilage

Answer 16

inferior to and protects the thyroid cartliage and trachea and prevents food and water into windpipe

Question 17

hyoid bone

Answer 17

horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck within the larynx

Question 18

ventricular/false vocal cords

Answer 18

paired, superior folds of mucous membrane within the larynx

Question 19

true vocal cords

Answer 19

paired inferior folds of mucous membrane within the larynx that vibrate to facilitate speech

Question 20

arytenoid cartilages

Answer 20

pair of small triangular shaped cartilages to which vocal cords are attached

Question 21

trachea (windpipe)

Answer 21

cartilaginous tube (windpipe) that carries oxygen-rich air to your lungs then extends from larynx to the level of thoracic vertebrae then dividing into left and right bronchi then each enters a lung and becomes secondary bronchi.

Question 22

primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary bronchi

Answer 22

Primary (first) bronchi are comprised of cartilage and mucous membrane which are the left and right main bronchi that enter into the lungs at the lung hila. Secondary bronchi near the middle of your lungs, Tertiary (third) bronchi at the edge of your lungs just before the bronchioles that all assist in conducting air through the lunngs.

Question 23

c shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Answer 23

ensure the integrity of the trachea wall is maintained so that air can pass through without collapsing. The gap between the open ends of the rings are bridged by connective tissue and smooth muscle so that food can pass through to the oesophoagus.

Question 24

o shaped cartilage

Answer 24

the cricoid cartilage

Question 25

carina

Answer 25

the point where the trachea terminally bifurcates (is the point at which the trachea divides into, and is continuous with, the two main or primary bronchi) prevents chocking

Question 26

oesophogous

Answer 26

muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow food, the walls of the oesophagus squeeze together

Question 27

lungs

Answer 27

primary organs of the respiratory system that facilitate breathing

Question 28

significance of pleural fluid in the lungs

Answer 28

causes layers of serous membrane to cling together due to surface tension, thus allowing the lungs to glide easily over the thoracic cavity when breathing.

Question 29

right lung

Answer 29

divided in three lobes upper, middle and lower
transmits oxygen to various parts of the body (bigger)

Question 30

left lung

Answer 30

divided into two lobes upper and lower
provides space for the heart and other organs (smaller)

Question 31

hila of left and right lungs

Answer 31

found on the medial aspect of each lung and are the only site of entrance or exit associated with the lungs (roots)

Question 32

blood supply to the lungs

Answer 32

blood enters via the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and the bronchial arteries (systemic circulation)
blood exits the lungs via the pulmonary veins and bronchial veins

Question 33

pulmonary and systematic circulation

Answer 33

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Question 34

bronchi (large airways)

Answer 34

distribute the air throughout the lungs until reaching the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

Question 35

bronchioles (medium airways)

Answer 35

bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli

Question 36

alveoli (small airways)

Answer 36

the respiration structures of the lungs where gas exchange occurs between blood and air

Question 37

alveolar sacs

Answer 37

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs).

Question 38

alveoli ducts

Answer 38

Alveolar ducts serve as passageways connecting the alveolar sacs and bronchioles. Thus, alveolar ducts function to collect and direct the oxygen entering the alveoli and the carbon dioxide exiting the lungs.

Question 39

respiratory bronchiole

Answer 39

Respiratory bronchioles are the final division of the bronchioles within the lung comprised of simple cuboidal epithelium and contain a thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Question 40

inhalaltion

Answer 40

increases space within the thoracic cavity, the pressure drops and air gushes into the lungs, the external intercoastal muscles contract and pushes the ribs outwards which increases volume (ACTIVE PROCESS)

Question 41

exhalation

Answer 41

decreases space within the thoracic cavity, the pressure increases and pushing air out into the atmosphere, the external intercoastal muscles relax and pushes the ribs back which decreases volume (PASSIVE PROCESS)

Question 42

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 42

breathing in and out (airflow between atmosphere and alveoli

Question 43

chemistry for blood exchange

Question 44

acid base balance and regulation

Question 45

asidosis

Answer 45

Acidosis is a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues
when there is MORE carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Question 46

alkalosis

Answer 46

Alkalosis is a condition in which the body fluids have excess base
when there is MORE bicarbonate and LESS hydrogen