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Anatomy 25 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 special senses and organs?

A

1) Smell; olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity
2) Taste; taste buds
3) Hearing; ear
4) Equilibrium; ear
5) Sight; eye

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2
Q

What are the sensory endings for touch?

A

Pacinian corpuscle and Meissner’s corpuscle

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3
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

deep pressure

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4
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Light, superficial pressure

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5
Q

What are the receptors for smell?

A

olfactory epithelium. They lie in a patch of this epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity

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6
Q

Classify olfactory epithelium

A

specialized pseudostratified columnar

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7
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

covers the superior nasal concha and the superior part of the nasal septum. contains sensory cells for olfaction (smell).

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8
Q

What are the receptors for taste?

A

taste buds

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9
Q

Classify taste buds as a tissue

A

stratified epithelium

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10
Q

How does taste information reach the brain?

A

Through the gustatory pathway

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11
Q

What cranial nerves carry taste information?

A

VII- facial, IX- glossopharyngeal, X- Vagus

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12
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye and their functions?

A
  • Superior rectus: turns eye superiorly and medially
  • Inferior rectus: turns eye inferiorly and medially
  • Lateral rectus: turns eye laterally
  • Medial rectus: turns eye medially
  • Superior oblique: depresses eye and turns it laterally
  • Inferior oblique: elevates eye and turns it laterally
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13
Q

What is conjunctiva and its function?

A
  • transparent mucous membrane made of stratified squamous
  • lines anterior part of sclera
  • reflects back onto inside of eyelids to create conjunctival sac (holds tears)
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14
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

fills anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior segment. Dilute, alkaline solution

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15
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A
  • jelly-like substance that fills the posterior segment.
  • mostly water and albumin
  • Maintains shape of eye
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16
Q

What is the lens?

A
  • Transparent, thick biconvex disc

- changes shape (thickness) to focus

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17
Q

What are the 3 tunics of the eye?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Vascular
  • Nervous
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18
Q

Fibrous tunic

A
  • most external layer that consists of dense CT arranged in 2 different regions:
  • Sclera: posterior 5/6 of eye, white of the eye
  • Cornea: anterior 6th of eye; clear, through which light enters the eye
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19
Q

Vascular Tunic

A
  • middle layer of eyeball, has three parts:
  • choroid: highly vascularized, dark brown pigment. Posterior 5/6, inside sclera
  • Ciliary body: ring of tissue that encircles the lens. Consists of smooth muscle called ciliary muscle (focus) and ciliary processes.
  • Iris: Colored, circular and radiating muscle. Constricts and dilates pupil
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20
Q

Neural Tunic

A

sheet of nervous tissue that contains light- sensitive photoreceptor cells.

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the neural retina?

A
  • photoreceptor
  • bipolar
  • ganglion
22
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptor cells?

A

Rods: dim light, highly sensitive
Cones: color sensitive

23
Q

optic disc

A

aka the blind spot. Exit of eptic nerve, travel of blood vessels

24
Q

Fovea centralis

A

contains only cones and provides greatest visual activity

25
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

keeps the surface of the eye most with lacrimal fluid (tears)

26
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ear?

A

1) external
2) middle
3) inner

27
Q

External ear

A

Consists of auricle and external acoustic meatus

  • Auricle (or pinna): core of elastic cartilage, directs sound waves into ears
  • External acoustic meatus: S shaped, cartilage and bone. Hairs and wax to protect against foreign materials. Wax from modified sweat gland.
28
Q

Middle ear

A

cavity within petrous temporal bone lined by mucous membrane.

  • Tympanic membrane: separates middle from external ear aka ear drum
  • 2 holes: oval window and round window
  • eustachian tube: equalizes pressure with atmospheric pressure across tympanic membrane
  • mastoid air cells: open to middle ear
29
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

3 bones with synovial joints. Transmit vibrations of tympanic membrane to oval window

  • malleus- hammer
  • incus- anvil
  • stapes- stirrup
30
Q

Inner ear

A

houses organs for hearing and equilibrium:

  • bony labyrinth: series of channels within bone lined by serous membrane. Secretes fluid: perilymph
  • membranous labyrinth
31
Q

Vestibule

A

central cavity of the bony labyrinth. Oval window opens to it. static equilibrium and and linear acceleration of the head.

32
Q

Semicircular canals

A

rotational acceleration of the head. Lies in one of the 3 plans of space:
- anterior and posterior lie in vertical planes
- lateral lie horizontally
opens to posterior vestibule

33
Q

Cochlea

A

spiraling chamber located inferiorly to the bony labyrinth.

34
Q

Basilar membrane

A

extracellular material; supports the spiral organ.

35
Q

Scala vestibulli

A

at oval window covered by stapes

36
Q

Scale tympani

A

at round window covered by membrane (drum)

37
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

membranous sac within the bony labyrinth. Filled with endolymph and surrounded by perilymph

38
Q

Otolithic organs

A

Maculae. Sense linear acceleration and gravitational pull.
In floor of utricle- oriented horizontally
in floor of saccule- oriented vertically

39
Q

Otoliths

A

calcium carbonate crystals. Weight of crystals – drag – hair cells bend – activation

40
Q

What nerves do the extrinsic eye muscles innervate?

A 
Superior Rectus: III, Occulomotor
Medial Rectus: III, Occulomotor
Lateral Rectus: VI, Abducens
Inferior Rectus: III, Occulomotor
Superior Oblique: IV, Trochlea
Inferior Oblique: III, Occulomotor
41
Q

what are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth?

A

1) semicircular canals
2) vestibule
3) cochlea

42
Q

what are the membranous sacs within the bony spaces?

A

1) semicircular ducts
2) saccule and utricle
4) cochlear duct

43
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

A

endolymph

44
Q

what surrounds the membranous lymph?

A

perilymph

45
Q

what is perilymph derived from?

A

cerebro spinal fluid

46
Q

how does sound travel in the ear?

A
  • sound waves are directed by the pinna into the external auditory canal
  • sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane which in turn moves the malleus, incus and stapes (ossicles)
  • movement of the stapes vibrates the membrane that covers the oval window and causes vibrations in the perilymph and then the endolymph of the cochlea
  • in the cochlea the sounds are detected by the Organ of Corti
47
Q

what are the semicircular ducts?

A

fluid-filled tubes that detect rotation of the body

48
Q

What is the pathway of light?

A

1) Light enters the eye through the cornea.
2) Enters the anterior segment, passes through aqueous humor in the anterior chamber and to the pupil. Then, passes through the pupil, through aqueous humor in the posterior chamber to the lens.
3) Then, it enters the posterior segment filled with vitreous humor, to the retina where it passes first through the ganglion cells, then the bipolar cells then stimulates the rods and cones.

49
Q

hair cells

A

receptor cells

50
Q

tectorial membrane

A

gel-like

51
Q

crista ampullaris

A

small crest, contain receptor cells that measure rotational acceleration of the head

52
Q

maculae

A

housed in the utricle and sacule, a spot of sensory epithelium. monitor position of the head when it is held still.

Anatomy 25 (7 decks)

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