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Anatomy 25 > Cardiovascular - Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular - Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • Triple-layered sac that encloses the heart
  • Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) and some loose C.T.
  • Separated by serous fluid which decreases friction
  • Consists of 2 layers:
  • parietal layer
  • visceral layer
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2
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A
  • Between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium is a slitlike space
  • filled with pericardial fluid
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3
Q

What are the tunics of the heart?

A

1) endocardium (tunica intima)
2) myocardium (tunica media)
3) epicardium (tunica adventitia)

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4
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

4 chambers:
2 atria
2 ventricles

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5
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump to?

A

pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

Where does the left side of the heart pump to?

A

systemic circulation

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7
Q

How do veins reach the heart?

A

enter through the atria

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8
Q

How do arteries reach the heart?

A

exit at the ventricles

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9
Q

What is the position of the heart?

A
  • Behind body of sternum
  • Anterior to vertebrae T5 to T8
  • Anterior and slightly to left in thorax
  • Region: mediastinum (between 2 lungs)
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10
Q

How is the “lub” sound produced in the heart?

A

by the closing of the AV valves at the start of ventricular contraction

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11
Q

How is the “dup” sound produced in the heart?

A

by the closing semilunar valves at the end of ventricular contraction

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12
Q

Where is the aortic valve heard?

A

2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

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13
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve heard?

A

2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

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14
Q

Where is the mitral valve heard?

A

over heart apex (in 5th intercostal space) in line with middle clavicle

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15
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve heard?

A

right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

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16
Q

How is blood supply to the muscular walls and tissues of the heart delivered?

A

through the right and left coronary arteries

17
Q

What are the left coronary artery branches and their functions?

A
  • Anterior interventricular (left anterior descending): sends branches into and supplies the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles.
  • circumflex branch: follows the coronary sulcus posteriorly and supplies the left atrium and the posterior part of the left ventricle
18
Q

What are the right coronary artery branches?

A
  • Marginal branch: along inferior border/margin

- Posterior interventricular branch: In interventricular sulcus

19
Q

What do the cardiac veins do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the heart wall into the right atrium, also occupy the sulci on the heart surface

20
Q

What are the cardiac veins and their location?

A

1) great cardiac vein: anterior interventricular sulcus
2) middle cardiac vein: posterior interventricular sulcus
3) small cardiac vein: along inferior margin

21
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Where are all 3 cardiac veins meet.

  • found in posterior atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus)
  • empties into right atrium
22
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

1) right atrium
2) right ventricle
3) left atrium
4) left ventricle

23
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

forms the entire right border of the human heart. receiving chamber for oxygen-poor blood returning from the systemic circuit

24
Q

How does the right atrium receive blood?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

25
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

A depression in the location of foramen ovale
Foramen ovale = opening through the interatrial septum which opens to left atrium in fetus
Valve of IVC directs blood through foramen ovale during fetal life
Foramen closes after birth

26
Q

What are tricuspid valves?

A

3 Triangular cusps, attach by cordae tendineae
to papillary muscles
Prevent backflow during ventricular contraction

27
Q

What are trabeculae carnae?

A

Muscle ridges throughout wall

28
Q

What are the openings of the right ventricle?

A
  • Right atrioventricular orifice

- orifice to pulmonary trunk

29
Q

What are the pulmonary semilunar valves?

A

3 pouches
Opens during ventricular contraction due to flow of blood pushing pouches against wall
Closes due to backflow of blood caused by elastic recoil in pulmonary artery, filling pouches

30
Q

What is the left atrium?

A
  • makes up most of the heart’s posterior surface, or base. It - receives oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs through two right and two left pulmonary veins
  • Wall structure similar to Right Atrium with pectinate muscle in auricle;
  • Mitral valve = bicuspid = left AV valve
  • Chamber = confluence of 4 vessels, therefore smooth wall
31
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

Forms the apex of the heart and dominates the heart’s inferior surface
- same as right but walls are 3X as thick as right to overcome systemic resistance.

32
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

The right ventricle forms most of the anterior surface of the heart

33
Q

What are the elements associated with the conduction system of the heart?

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node
  • Atrioventricular
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje fibers
  • Skeleton of heart
34
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A
  • Pacemaker of heart
  • In wall of right atrium near opening of SVC
  • Cardiac fibers with the lowest threshold, therefore have fastest rhythm
  • Impulse spreads over 2 atria via gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells
35
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

In floor of atrium near coronary sinus

After a short delay (millisecond) an impulse is conducted along interventricular septum via Bundle of His

36
Q

What is the skeleton of the heart?

A
  • Fibrous rings around AV and semilunar valves
  • Muscle of atria and ventricles attach to rings
  • Prevent conduction of impulse from atria to ventricles
37
Q

What is the Bundle of His?

A

bundle of Purkinje cells passes through cardiac skeleton, down interventricular septum

38
Q

What are the fetal circulation and changes at birth?

A 
Foramen ovale
– Passage between RA and LA
– Becomes fossa ovalis
• Ductus Arteriosus
– Passage between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
– Becomes ligamentum arteriosum
• Umbilical Arteries
– Inside anterior body wall to umbilicus
– Become medial umbilical ligaments
• Umbilical Veins
– From umbilicus to liver
– Become ligamentum teres
• Ductus Venosus
– Continuation of umbilical veins through liver to inferior vena cava
– Becomes ligamentum venosum
39
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart.

Anatomy 25 (7 decks)

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