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Bio > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Highly modified dendrites

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2
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Occurs when receptors become accustom to the stimulus. (Neutron ceases to fire and receptors become less sensitive)

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3
Q

Sclera

A

Supports and protects eye. (The white part)

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4
Q

Cornea

A

Refracts light towards the pupil. (Also acts as a protective covering)

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5
Q

Aqueous humor

A

A liquid that supplies the cornea with nutrients and refracts light

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6
Q

Choroid layer

A

Contains pigments that prevent scattering of light in the eye. Contains blood vessels that feed the different structures

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7
Q

Iris

A

Regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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8
Q

Vitreous body (humor)

A

Maintains the shape of the eyeball and permits light transmission to the retina. (Irreplaceable)

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9
Q

Lens

A

Focuses the image of the retina

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10
Q

Pupil

A

Functions as a hole in the iris. (Controls the amount of light the enters as well)

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11
Q

Retina

A

Thin inner layer of the eye containing the photoreceptors; rods and cones

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12
Q

Rods

A

Black and white shades
125 million
All around retina
Shares neurons

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13
Q

Cones

A

Detects color (RGB)
7 million
Concentrated on fovea centralis
Own neuron

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14
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Most sensitive area of the retina that contains only cones. (Used for fine reading; Keenest vision)

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15
Q

Blind spot

A

The area in which the optic nerve attaches to the retina. (There are no cones or rods)

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16
Q

Afterimages

A

Positive and negative

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17
Q

Positive afterimages

A

After looking at bright light, close eyes and light can still be seen

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18
Q

Negative afterimages

A

After looking at bright colors they will reverse in color when you look away

19
Q

Refraction

A

As light goes through different mediums it slows or bends

20
Q

How does the eye focus?

A

Muscles and ligaments control the shape of the lens

21
Q

Accommodation

A

The adjustment of the lens to objects near and far

22
Q

To see far

A

Muscles relax (lens is flat)

23
Q

To see close

A

Muscles flex (lens oval)

24
Q

The three different types of cones each have its own protein called _______, they are found in the retina. Each sensitive to one of the three primary colors.

A

Opsin

25
Q

Glaucoma

A

Caused by a build-up of aqueous humour in the anterior chamber of the eye. Normally ducts will drain this excess fluid but if they are blocked then pressure may cause blood vessels to rupture. (Starvation of the cells)

26
Q

Cataract

A

Occurs when the lens or cornea biomes cloudy

27
Q

Astigmatism

A

Caused by an abnormal curvature of the lens or cornea. (Poor focusing ability)

28
Q

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

A

Caused by an eyeball that it too long (focal point is in front of retina) - concave lens can fix this

29
Q

Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

A

Caused by an eyeball that is too short (focal point is behind the retina) - convex lens can correct this

30
Q

Ears two main functions

A

Hearing and equilibrium

31
Q

Pinna

A

Outer part of external ear - Sound catchers

32
Q

Auditory canal

A

Carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane

33
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

The eardrum (converts sound waves to mechanical vibrations)

34
Q

Ceruminous gland

A

Secretes a waxy substance for protection

35
Q

Ossicles

A

Bones that amplify and carry sound in the middle ear. Three bones involved:

  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes (smallest bone)
36
Q

Oval window

A

Receives sound waves from the ossicles.

37
Q

Round window

A

Absorbs the wave (prevents echo)

38
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Air filled tube that equalizes air pressure in the external ear

39
Q

Vestibule

A

A chamber at the base of the semicircular canals; concerned with static equilibrium

40
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Fluid filled structures that provide information concerning dynamic equilibrium

41
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled tube within the inner ear that identifies sound waves and converts them into nerve impulses

42
Q

Cochlea fluid

A

Bathes the cochlear membranes and hairs of the Organ of Corti; also carries vibrations

43
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Changes the mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses

44
Q

Stimulus

A

A form of energy detected by the body

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