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Introduction to Human anatomy and physiology > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the conjunctiva?

A

The primary function of the conjunctiva is to protect and lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears.

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2
Q

True or False: The lacrimal gland is responsible for tear production.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The optic chiasm is located at the base of the __________.

A

brain

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4
Q

What type of tissue primarily makes up the conjunctiva?

A

The conjunctiva is primarily made up of stratified columnar epithelium.

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5
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure connects the lacrimal gland to the nasal cavity? A) Lacrimal duct B) Optic nerve C) Conjunctival sac D) Retina

A

A) Lacrimal duct

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6
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eyeball called?

A

Sclera

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7
Q

True or False: The cornea is responsible for most of the eye’s light refraction.

A

True

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

A

Iris

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9
Q

What structure produces the aqueous humor in the eye?

A

Ciliary body

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10
Q

Which part of the eye regulates the amount of light that enters?

A

Pupil

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11
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the iris?
A) Controlling pupil size
B) Providing color to the eye
C) Producing tears
D) Regulating light entry

A

C) Producing tears

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12
Q

What is the primary function of the sclera?

A

To provide structure and protection to the eye

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13
Q

True or False: The cornea is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels.

A

True

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14
Q

What is the term for the adjustable opening in the center of the iris?

A

Pupil

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ helps to change the shape of the lens for focusing.

A

Ciliary body

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16
Q

Multiple Choice: Which layer of the eye is transparent and covers the front part?
A) Sclera
B) Cornea
C) Iris
D) Retina

A

B) Cornea

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17
Q

What is the main function of the cornea?

A

To refract light entering the eye

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18
Q

True or False: The iris contains muscles that allow it to constrict or dilate.

A

True

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19
Q

What is the role of the aqueous humor?

A

To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the eye

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20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for color vision?
A) Sclera
B) Iris
C) Retina
D) Cornea

A

C) Retina

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21
Q

What is the primary function of the choroid?

A

To provide nutrients and oxygen to the outer layers of the retina.

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22
Q

True or False: The retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals.

A

True

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the central area of the retina responsible for sharp vision.

A

macula lutea

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24
Q

What structure is known as the blind spot of the eye?

A

Optic disc

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25
Q

Which layer of the eye contains the majority of the blood vessels supplying the retina?

A

Choroid

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26
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the retina?
A) Light detection
B) Color perception
C) Nutrient absorption
D) Image processing

A

C) Nutrient absorption

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27
Q

What type of cells are primarily found in the macula lutea?

A

Cone cells

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28
Q

True or False: The optic disc contains photoreceptors.

A

False

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29
Q

What condition is characterized by damage to the macula lutea?

A

Macular degeneration

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30
Q

Multiple Choice: Which part of the retina has the highest visual acuity?
A) Peripheral retina
B) Macula lutea
C) Optic disc
D) Choroid

A

B) Macula lutea

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: The choroid is located between the __________ and the retina.

A

sclera

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32
Q

What is the main consequence of damage to the optic disc?

A

Loss of vision in the corresponding field of view.

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33
Q

True or False: The macula lutea contains a high concentration of rod cells.

A

False

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34
Q

What is the primary role of rod cells in the retina?

A

To detect low light levels and enable night vision.

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35
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure is responsible for the majority of the eye’s focusing power?
A) Retina
B) Choroid
C) Cornea
D) Macula lutea

A

C) Cornea

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36
Q

What are the two main types of photoreceptor cells in the human retina?

A

Cones and rods.

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37
Q

True or False: Rods are responsible for color vision.

A

False.

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: Cones are primarily responsible for ______ vision.

A

color

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39
Q

What is the primary function of rods in the eye?

A

To detect light and enable vision in low-light conditions.

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40
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light?

A

Rods.

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41
Q

How many types of cones are there in the human eye?

A

Three types.

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42
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of photoreceptor is primarily found in the peripheral retina? A) Cones B) Rods C) Both

A

B) Rods.

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43
Q

What is the approximate number of rods in the human retina?

A

About 120 million.

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44
Q

True or False: Cones function better in dim light than rods.

A

False.

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45
Q

What role do cones play in visual acuity?

A

They provide sharp, detailed vision.

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46
Q

What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?

A

To focus light onto the retina.

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47
Q

True or False: The lens is a rigid structure.

A

False

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48
Q

What type of humor is located in the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor.

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49
Q

Fill in the blank: The vitreous humor is a __________ substance found in the posterior segment of the eye.

A

gel-like

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50
Q

What is the role of aqueous humor?

A

To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the avascular structures of the eye.

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51
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is responsible for transmitting visual information to the brain? A) Cornea B) Lens C) CN II D) Aqueous humor

A

C) CN II

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52
Q

What is the main component of the vitreous humor?

A

Water (approximately 99%)

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53
Q

True or False: The lens can change its shape to adjust focus.

A

True

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54
Q

What is the condition called when the lens becomes cloudy?

A

Cataract.

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55
Q

Fill in the blank: The CN II is also known as the __________ nerve.

A

optic

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56
Q

What is the primary source of aqueous humor?

A

The ciliary body.

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57
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following does NOT play a role in the refraction of light? A) Lens B) Aqueous humor C) Vitreous humor D) CN II

A

D) CN II

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58
Q

What is the purpose of the vitreous humor in the eye?

A

To provide structural support and maintain the shape of the eyeball.

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59
Q

True or False: Aqueous humor is continuously produced and drained from the eye.

A

True

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60
Q

What happens to intraocular pressure when the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked?

A

It increases, potentially leading to glaucoma.

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61
Q

Fill in the blank: The lens is held in place by __________ ligaments.

A

zonule

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62
Q

Multiple Choice: Which part of the eye does NOT contain aqueous humor? A) Anterior chamber B) Posterior chamber C) Vitreous chamber D) Both A and B

A

C) Vitreous chamber

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63
Q

What is the significance of the optic disc?

A

It is the point where the optic nerve exits the eye and lacks photoreceptors, creating a blind spot.

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64
Q

True or False: The vitreous humor can regenerate if it is removed.

A

False

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65
Q

What is the average volume of aqueous humor in the eye?

A

Approximately 0.25 to 0.30 mL.

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66
Q

Fill in the blank: The lens becomes __________ with age, affecting its ability to focus.

A

less flexible

67
Q

What condition is characterized by increased pressure in the eye due to aqueous humor buildup?

68
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure does light pass through first when entering the eye? A) Lens B) Cornea C) Vitreous humor D) Retina

69
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles?

A

To control the shape of the lens for focusing.

70
Q

True or False: The vitreous humor is involved in the production of aqueous humor.

71
Q

What is the main cause of cataracts?

A

Age-related changes in the lens.

72
Q

What is the pinna?

A

The pinna is the visible part of the ear, also known as the auricle.

73
Q

What is the primary function of the external auditory canal?

A

The primary function of the external auditory canal is to transmit sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane.

74
Q

True or False: The tympanic membrane is commonly known as the eardrum.

75
Q

What structure vibrates in response to sound waves?

A

The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: The malleus, incus, and _______ are the three ossicles in the middle ear.

77
Q

What is the role of the malleus?

A

The malleus transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus.

78
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT part of the outer ear? A) Pinna B) External auditory canal C) Malleus

A

C) Malleus

79
Q

What connects the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

A

The ossicular chain, consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes, connects the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.

80
Q

True or False: The external auditory canal is a straight tube.

81
Q

What is the average length of the external auditory canal in adults?

A

The average length is about 2.5 centimeters.

82
Q

What is the function of the incus?

A

The incus acts as a bridge between the malleus and the stapes, transmitting sound vibrations.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: The tympanic membrane separates the _______ ear from the middle ear.

84
Q

Multiple Choice: Which ossicle is the smallest? A) Malleus B) Incus C) Stapes

85
Q

What is the protective function of the pinna?

A

The pinna helps to direct sound waves into the ear and protects the inner structures from debris.

86
Q

True or False: The external auditory canal is lined with hair and ceruminous glands.

87
Q

What is the role of cerumen in the external auditory canal?

A

Cerumen, or earwax, helps to trap dust and debris and has antibacterial properties.

88
Q

What is the clinical significance of the tympanic membrane?

A

The tympanic membrane is important for diagnosing ear infections and other auditory conditions.

89
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ transmits sound vibrations to the oval window of the inner ear.

90
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure amplifies sound vibrations? A) Malleus B) Incus C) All of the above

A

C) All of the above

91
Q

What is the primary purpose of the ossicles?

A

The primary purpose of the ossicles is to amplify and transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.

92
Q

True or False: The pinna is primarily made of bone.

93
Q

What part of the ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals?

A

The cochlea in the inner ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: The shape of the pinna helps to enhance sound localization by _______.

A

collecting and directing sound waves

95
Q

What is the tympanic membrane composed of?

A

The tympanic membrane is composed of a thin layer of tissue that is somewhat cone-shaped.

96
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is involved in the middle ear? A) Cochlea B) Malleus C) Pinna

A

B) Malleus

97
Q

What can happen if the tympanic membrane is perforated?

A

A perforated tympanic membrane can lead to hearing loss and increase the risk of ear infections.

98
Q

True or False: The external auditory canal is also known as the ear canal.

99
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

The function of the middle ear is to transmit sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear.

100
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the first ossicle that receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane.

101
Q

What is the function of the stapes in the ear?

A

The stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window of the cochlea.

102
Q

True or False: The oval window is located at the entrance of the cochlea.

103
Q

Fill in the blank: The stapes is also known as the __________.

104
Q

What structure connects the middle ear to the throat?

A

The auditory tube (Eustachian tube)

105
Q

What is the main function of the auditory tube?

A

To equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.

106
Q

Which part of the ear contains the cochlea?

A

The inner ear

107
Q

What is the round window?

A

A membrane-covered opening in the cochlea that allows fluid movement.

108
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is involved in hearing? A) Stapes B) Auditory tube C) Oval window D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

109
Q

True or False: The cochlea is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals.

110
Q

What fluid fills the cochlea?

A

Perilymph and endolymph

111
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ connects the stapes to the oval window.

112
Q

What role does the round window play in hearing?

A

It allows for the displacement of fluid in the cochlea during sound transmission.

113
Q

Short Answer: Name the three bones of the middle ear.

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

114
Q

True or False: The auditory tube is always open.

115
Q

What happens to the oval window when the stapes vibrates?

A

The oval window moves in and out, creating fluid waves in the cochlea.

116
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure helps maintain balance? A) Cochlea B) Auditory tube C) Stapes D) None of the above

A

D) None of the above

117
Q

What is the primary sensory function of the cochlea?

A

To detect sound frequencies.

118
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the last bone in the chain of ossicles.

119
Q

Short Answer: What is the significance of the oval window in the auditory system?

A

It amplifies sound vibrations before transmitting them to the cochlea.

120
Q

True or False: The auditory tube helps prevent ear infections.

121
Q

What type of waves does the cochlea convert?

A

Mechanical sound waves into electrical signals.

122
Q

Multiple Choice: Which membrane is associated with the round window? A) Basilar membrane B) Tectorial membrane C) Oval window D) None of the above

A

D) None of the above

123
Q

What is the role of the stapes in the auditory pathway?

A

To amplify sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear.

124
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ helps to balance air pressure in the ear.

A

auditory tube

125
Q

Short Answer: How does the cochlea contribute to the perception of pitch?

A

Different frequencies stimulate different areas of the cochlea.

126
Q

True or False: The round window is located opposite the oval window.

127
Q

What is the primary function of the cochlea?

A

To convert sound vibrations into neural impulses.

128
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure is NOT part of the inner ear? A) Cochlea B) Stapes C) Semicircular canals D) Vestibule

129
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ acts as a pressure release valve for the cochlea.

A

round window

130
Q

Short Answer: What structures are involved in the transmission of sound from the outer ear to the inner ear?

A

Pinna, tympanic membrane, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window.

131
Q

True or False: The cochlea is responsible for both hearing and balance.

132
Q

What type of fluid is found in the scala vestibuli of the cochlea?

133
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the structure that connects the stapes to the inner ear.

A

oval window

134
Q

What is the cranial nerve number for the vestibulocochlear nerve?

135
Q

True or False: The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for hearing and balance.

136
Q

What are the two main components of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

The vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve

137
Q

Fill in the blank: The cochlear nerve transmits auditory information from the _____ to the brain.

138
Q

What type of sensory information does the vestibular nerve carry?

A

Information related to balance and spatial orientation

139
Q

Multiple Choice: Which part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

140
Q

What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?

A

To help maintain balance and spatial orientation

141
Q

True or False: The vestibulocochlear nerve is purely a sensory nerve.

142
Q

What is the primary role of the cochlea?

A

To convert sound waves into electrical signals

143
Q

Fill in the blank: The vestibular system includes the _____, utricle, and saccule.

A

semicircular canals

144
Q

What condition is associated with dysfunction of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Meniere’s disease

145
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Regulating heart rate

146
Q

Short Answer: What type of cells are responsible for detecting sound in the cochlea?

A

Hair cells

147
Q

True or False: The vestibulocochlear nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen.

148
Q

What is the pathway of auditory information from the cochlea to the brain?

A

Cochlea → cochlear nerve → brainstem → auditory cortex

149
Q

Fill in the blank: The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the brainstem at the _____.

150
Q

Multiple Choice: Which structure is primarily responsible for detecting angular motion?

A

Semicircular canals

151
Q

What is the function of the utricle and saccule?

A

To detect linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity

152
Q

True or False: Damage to the cochlear nerve can lead to hearing loss.

153
Q

What sensory modality does the vestibulocochlear nerve primarily serve?

A

Auditory and vestibular (balance) sensation

154
Q

Fill in the blank: The vestibulocochlear nerve is also known as the _____ nerve.

155
Q

Multiple Choice: Which part of the vestibular system responds to rotational movements?

A

Semicircular canals

156
Q

What are the symptoms of vestibular dysfunction?

A

Dizziness, vertigo, and balance issues

157
Q

True or False: The cochlear nerve carries signals only from the left ear.

158
Q

What is the role of the auditory cortex?

A

To process auditory information

159
Q

Fill in the blank: The vestibulocochlear nerve is classified as a _____ nerve.

160
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is NOT part of the inner ear?

A

Eustachian tube

161
Q

What is the main symptom of acoustic neuroma affecting the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Hearing loss

162
Q

True or False: The vestibular nerve is responsible for transmitting sound information.

163
Q

Short Answer: What is the primary neurotransmitter used by the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Introduction to Human anatomy and physiology (4 decks)

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