Special senses Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of the conjunctiva?
A
The primary function of the conjunctiva is to protect and lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears.
2
Q
True or False: The lacrimal gland is responsible for tear production.
A
True
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The optic chiasm is located at the base of the __________.
A
brain
4
Q
What type of tissue primarily makes up the conjunctiva?
A
The conjunctiva is primarily made up of stratified columnar epithelium.
5
Q
Multiple Choice: Which structure connects the lacrimal gland to the nasal cavity? A) Lacrimal duct B) Optic nerve C) Conjunctival sac D) Retina
A
A) Lacrimal duct
6
Q
What is the outermost layer of the eyeball called?
A
Sclera
7
Q
True or False: The cornea is responsible for most of the eye’s light refraction.
A
True
8
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
A
Iris
9
Q
What structure produces the aqueous humor in the eye?
A
Ciliary body
10
Q
Which part of the eye regulates the amount of light that enters?
A
Pupil
11
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the iris?
A) Controlling pupil size
B) Providing color to the eye
C) Producing tears
D) Regulating light entry
A
C) Producing tears
12
Q
What is the primary function of the sclera?
A
To provide structure and protection to the eye
13
Q
True or False: The cornea is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels.
A
True
14
Q
What is the term for the adjustable opening in the center of the iris?
A
Pupil
15
Q
Fill in the blank: The ______ helps to change the shape of the lens for focusing.
A
Ciliary body
16
Q
Multiple Choice: Which layer of the eye is transparent and covers the front part?
A) Sclera
B) Cornea
C) Iris
D) Retina
A
B) Cornea
17
Q
What is the main function of the cornea?
A
To refract light entering the eye
18
Q
True or False: The iris contains muscles that allow it to constrict or dilate.
A
True
19
Q
What is the role of the aqueous humor?
A
To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the eye
20
Q
Multiple Choice: Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for color vision?
A) Sclera
B) Iris
C) Retina
D) Cornea
A
C) Retina
21
Q
What is the primary function of the choroid?
A
To provide nutrients and oxygen to the outer layers of the retina.
22
Q
True or False: The retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals.
A
True
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the central area of the retina responsible for sharp vision.
A
macula lutea
24
Q
What structure is known as the blind spot of the eye?
A
Optic disc
25
Which layer of the eye contains the majority of the blood vessels supplying the retina?
Choroid
26
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the retina?
A) Light detection
B) Color perception
C) Nutrient absorption
D) Image processing
C) Nutrient absorption
27
What type of cells are primarily found in the macula lutea?
Cone cells
28
True or False: The optic disc contains photoreceptors.
False
29
What condition is characterized by damage to the macula lutea?
Macular degeneration
30
Multiple Choice: Which part of the retina has the highest visual acuity?
A) Peripheral retina
B) Macula lutea
C) Optic disc
D) Choroid
B) Macula lutea
31
Fill in the blank: The choroid is located between the __________ and the retina.
sclera
32
What is the main consequence of damage to the optic disc?
Loss of vision in the corresponding field of view.
33
True or False: The macula lutea contains a high concentration of rod cells.
False
34
What is the primary role of rod cells in the retina?
To detect low light levels and enable night vision.
35
Multiple Choice: Which structure is responsible for the majority of the eye's focusing power?
A) Retina
B) Choroid
C) Cornea
D) Macula lutea
C) Cornea
36
What are the two main types of photoreceptor cells in the human retina?
Cones and rods.
37
True or False: Rods are responsible for color vision.
False.
38
Fill in the blank: Cones are primarily responsible for ______ vision.
color
39
What is the primary function of rods in the eye?
To detect light and enable vision in low-light conditions.
40
Which type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light?
Rods.
41
How many types of cones are there in the human eye?
Three types.
42
Multiple Choice: Which type of photoreceptor is primarily found in the peripheral retina? A) Cones B) Rods C) Both
B) Rods.
43
What is the approximate number of rods in the human retina?
About 120 million.
44
True or False: Cones function better in dim light than rods.
False.
45
What role do cones play in visual acuity?
They provide sharp, detailed vision.
46
What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
To focus light onto the retina.
47
True or False: The lens is a rigid structure.
False
48
What type of humor is located in the anterior segment of the eye?
Aqueous humor.
49
Fill in the blank: The vitreous humor is a __________ substance found in the posterior segment of the eye.
gel-like
50
What is the role of aqueous humor?
To maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the avascular structures of the eye.
51
Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is responsible for transmitting visual information to the brain? A) Cornea B) Lens C) CN II D) Aqueous humor
C) CN II
52
What is the main component of the vitreous humor?
Water (approximately 99%)
53
True or False: The lens can change its shape to adjust focus.
True
54
What is the condition called when the lens becomes cloudy?
Cataract.
55
Fill in the blank: The CN II is also known as the __________ nerve.
optic
56
What is the primary source of aqueous humor?
The ciliary body.
57
Multiple Choice: Which of the following does NOT play a role in the refraction of light? A) Lens B) Aqueous humor C) Vitreous humor D) CN II
D) CN II
58
What is the purpose of the vitreous humor in the eye?
To provide structural support and maintain the shape of the eyeball.
59
True or False: Aqueous humor is continuously produced and drained from the eye.
True
60
What happens to intraocular pressure when the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked?
It increases, potentially leading to glaucoma.
61
Fill in the blank: The lens is held in place by __________ ligaments.
zonule
62
Multiple Choice: Which part of the eye does NOT contain aqueous humor? A) Anterior chamber B) Posterior chamber C) Vitreous chamber D) Both A and B
C) Vitreous chamber
63
What is the significance of the optic disc?
It is the point where the optic nerve exits the eye and lacks photoreceptors, creating a blind spot.
64
True or False: The vitreous humor can regenerate if it is removed.
False
65
What is the average volume of aqueous humor in the eye?
Approximately 0.25 to 0.30 mL.
66
Fill in the blank: The lens becomes __________ with age, affecting its ability to focus.
less flexible
67
What condition is characterized by increased pressure in the eye due to aqueous humor buildup?
Glaucoma.
68
Multiple Choice: Which structure does light pass through first when entering the eye? A) Lens B) Cornea C) Vitreous humor D) Retina
B) Cornea
69
What is the function of the ciliary muscles?
To control the shape of the lens for focusing.
70
True or False: The vitreous humor is involved in the production of aqueous humor.
False
71
What is the main cause of cataracts?
Age-related changes in the lens.
72
What is the pinna?
The pinna is the visible part of the ear, also known as the auricle.
73
What is the primary function of the external auditory canal?
The primary function of the external auditory canal is to transmit sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane.
74
True or False: The tympanic membrane is commonly known as the eardrum.
True
75
What structure vibrates in response to sound waves?
The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves.
76
Fill in the blank: The malleus, incus, and _______ are the three ossicles in the middle ear.
stapes
77
What is the role of the malleus?
The malleus transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus.
78
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT part of the outer ear? A) Pinna B) External auditory canal C) Malleus
C) Malleus
79
What connects the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
The ossicular chain, consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes, connects the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
80
True or False: The external auditory canal is a straight tube.
False
81
What is the average length of the external auditory canal in adults?
The average length is about 2.5 centimeters.
82
What is the function of the incus?
The incus acts as a bridge between the malleus and the stapes, transmitting sound vibrations.
83
Fill in the blank: The tympanic membrane separates the _______ ear from the middle ear.
outer
84
Multiple Choice: Which ossicle is the smallest? A) Malleus B) Incus C) Stapes
C) Stapes
85
What is the protective function of the pinna?
The pinna helps to direct sound waves into the ear and protects the inner structures from debris.
86
True or False: The external auditory canal is lined with hair and ceruminous glands.
True
87
What is the role of cerumen in the external auditory canal?
Cerumen, or earwax, helps to trap dust and debris and has antibacterial properties.
88
What is the clinical significance of the tympanic membrane?
The tympanic membrane is important for diagnosing ear infections and other auditory conditions.
89
Fill in the blank: The _______ transmits sound vibrations to the oval window of the inner ear.
stapes
90
Multiple Choice: Which structure amplifies sound vibrations? A) Malleus B) Incus C) All of the above
C) All of the above
91
What is the primary purpose of the ossicles?
The primary purpose of the ossicles is to amplify and transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
92
True or False: The pinna is primarily made of bone.
False
93
What part of the ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals?
The cochlea in the inner ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals.
94
Fill in the blank: The shape of the pinna helps to enhance sound localization by _______.
collecting and directing sound waves
95
What is the tympanic membrane composed of?
The tympanic membrane is composed of a thin layer of tissue that is somewhat cone-shaped.
96
Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is involved in the middle ear? A) Cochlea B) Malleus C) Pinna
B) Malleus
97
What can happen if the tympanic membrane is perforated?
A perforated tympanic membrane can lead to hearing loss and increase the risk of ear infections.
98
True or False: The external auditory canal is also known as the ear canal.
True
99
What is the function of the middle ear?
The function of the middle ear is to transmit sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear.
100
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the first ossicle that receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane.
malleus
101
What is the function of the stapes in the ear?
The stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window of the cochlea.
102
True or False: The oval window is located at the entrance of the cochlea.
True
103
Fill in the blank: The stapes is also known as the __________.
stirrup
104
What structure connects the middle ear to the throat?
The auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
105
What is the main function of the auditory tube?
To equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.
106
Which part of the ear contains the cochlea?
The inner ear
107
What is the round window?
A membrane-covered opening in the cochlea that allows fluid movement.
108
Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is involved in hearing? A) Stapes B) Auditory tube C) Oval window D) All of the above
D) All of the above
109
True or False: The cochlea is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals.
True
110
What fluid fills the cochlea?
Perilymph and endolymph
111
Fill in the blank: The __________ connects the stapes to the oval window.
footplate
112
What role does the round window play in hearing?
It allows for the displacement of fluid in the cochlea during sound transmission.
113
Short Answer: Name the three bones of the middle ear.
Malleus, incus, and stapes
114
True or False: The auditory tube is always open.
False
115
What happens to the oval window when the stapes vibrates?
The oval window moves in and out, creating fluid waves in the cochlea.
116
Multiple Choice: Which structure helps maintain balance? A) Cochlea B) Auditory tube C) Stapes D) None of the above
D) None of the above
117
What is the primary sensory function of the cochlea?
To detect sound frequencies.
118
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the last bone in the chain of ossicles.
stapes
119
Short Answer: What is the significance of the oval window in the auditory system?
It amplifies sound vibrations before transmitting them to the cochlea.
120
True or False: The auditory tube helps prevent ear infections.
True
121
What type of waves does the cochlea convert?
Mechanical sound waves into electrical signals.
122
Multiple Choice: Which membrane is associated with the round window? A) Basilar membrane B) Tectorial membrane C) Oval window D) None of the above
D) None of the above
123
What is the role of the stapes in the auditory pathway?
To amplify sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear.
124
Fill in the blank: The __________ helps to balance air pressure in the ear.
auditory tube
125
Short Answer: How does the cochlea contribute to the perception of pitch?
Different frequencies stimulate different areas of the cochlea.
126
True or False: The round window is located opposite the oval window.
True
127
What is the primary function of the cochlea?
To convert sound vibrations into neural impulses.
128
Multiple Choice: Which structure is NOT part of the inner ear? A) Cochlea B) Stapes C) Semicircular canals D) Vestibule
B) Stapes
129
Fill in the blank: The __________ acts as a pressure release valve for the cochlea.
round window
130
Short Answer: What structures are involved in the transmission of sound from the outer ear to the inner ear?
Pinna, tympanic membrane, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window.
131
True or False: The cochlea is responsible for both hearing and balance.
False
132
What type of fluid is found in the scala vestibuli of the cochlea?
Perilymph
133
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the structure that connects the stapes to the inner ear.
oval window
134
What is the cranial nerve number for the vestibulocochlear nerve?
CN VIII
135
True or False: The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for hearing and balance.
True
136
What are the two main components of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
The vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve
137
Fill in the blank: The cochlear nerve transmits auditory information from the _____ to the brain.
cochlea
138
What type of sensory information does the vestibular nerve carry?
Information related to balance and spatial orientation
139
Multiple Choice: Which part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?
Cochlea
140
What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?
To help maintain balance and spatial orientation
141
True or False: The vestibulocochlear nerve is purely a sensory nerve.
True
142
What is the primary role of the cochlea?
To convert sound waves into electrical signals
143
Fill in the blank: The vestibular system includes the _____, utricle, and saccule.
semicircular canals
144
What condition is associated with dysfunction of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Meniere's disease
145
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Regulating heart rate
146
Short Answer: What type of cells are responsible for detecting sound in the cochlea?
Hair cells
147
True or False: The vestibulocochlear nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen.
False
148
What is the pathway of auditory information from the cochlea to the brain?
Cochlea → cochlear nerve → brainstem → auditory cortex
149
Fill in the blank: The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the brainstem at the _____.
pons
150
Multiple Choice: Which structure is primarily responsible for detecting angular motion?
Semicircular canals
151
What is the function of the utricle and saccule?
To detect linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity
152
True or False: Damage to the cochlear nerve can lead to hearing loss.
True
153
What sensory modality does the vestibulocochlear nerve primarily serve?
Auditory and vestibular (balance) sensation
154
Fill in the blank: The vestibulocochlear nerve is also known as the _____ nerve.
auditory
155
Multiple Choice: Which part of the vestibular system responds to rotational movements?
Semicircular canals
156
What are the symptoms of vestibular dysfunction?
Dizziness, vertigo, and balance issues
157
True or False: The cochlear nerve carries signals only from the left ear.
False
158
What is the role of the auditory cortex?
To process auditory information
159
Fill in the blank: The vestibulocochlear nerve is classified as a _____ nerve.
sensory
160
Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is NOT part of the inner ear?
Eustachian tube
161
What is the main symptom of acoustic neuroma affecting the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Hearing loss
162
True or False: The vestibular nerve is responsible for transmitting sound information.
False
163
Short Answer: What is the primary neurotransmitter used by the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Glutamate
