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Head and Neck and CNS > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what protects the eye

A

eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal gland = tear secretion

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2
Q

where is the optic chiasm located

A

directly infront of/above the pituitary gland

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3
Q

what is the optic tract

A

optic nerve pathway

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4
Q

what is the functions of tears

A

wash away irritating materials
protect against infection
prevent drying of conjunctiva

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5
Q

what is made up of the lacrimal apparatus and its role

A

secrete and drain tears
1 lacrimal gland + ducts
2 lacrimal canniculi
1 lacrimal sac
1 nasolacrimal duct

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6
Q

what is the tear journey through the lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal gland: exocrine, lateral aspect of the eye in the frontal bone. which secretes tears via the lacrimal duct: water, salt, immunoglobulins and lysozyme
tears drain into the lacrimal cannaliculi separated by the carnicle
tears then drain into the nasolacrimal duct which opens into the NC

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7
Q

is the retina photosensitive

A

yes

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8
Q

what are the photosensitive nerve cells called

A

rods and cones

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9
Q

what do rods do

A

dim the light

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10
Q

what is the blood supply of the eye

A

ciliary arteries, central renal artery and central retinal vein

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11
Q

what does the extrinsic eye muscle do

A

controls eye movements
4 rectus muscles allow, U, D and lateral oblique allows side to side

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12
Q

what does the intrinsic eye muscles do

A

involuntary
controls the amount of light that enters the eye

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13
Q

what are the three parts of the ear

A

external
middle
internal

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14
Q

what does the external part of the ear do

A

collects sound waves and channels them inwards

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15
Q

what does the middle part of the ear do

A

conveys sound vibrations

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16
Q

what does the inner part of the ear do

A

houses the receptors for hearing and balance

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17
Q

describe the ear pathway

A

ear canal -> ear drum -> cochlea + eustachian tube

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18
Q

what do the ceruminious glands do

A

secrete cerumen [wax] which contains lysozyme and immunoglobulins
prevents foreign materials from reaching the tympanic membrane [ear drum]

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19
Q

where is the cochlea found

A

inner ear

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20
Q

what are the three parts of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

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21
Q

what contains auditory receptors

A

supporting cells and cochlea hair cells

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22
Q

what does the semi circular canals do

A

provide information on the head position so we are able to maintain balance, posture, focussing on both eyes
NO AUDITORY FUNCTION

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23
Q

what are the semi circular canals composed of

A

a bony outer wall, inner membrane tubes

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24
Q

what impulses relate to the semi circular canals

A

from the cerebellum, eyes and sensory receptors are coordinated and efferent nerve impulses pass to the cerebrum and skeletal muscles

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25
Q

what do sound waves travel in

A

pitch and volume
loud noises cause damage to the sensitive hair cells of the spiral organ

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26
Q

describe structures that sound waves travel to

A

tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> oval window -> cochlea -> vestibulocochlear nerve -> primary auditory cortex

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27
Q

where is the origin of smell

A

NC

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28
Q

where are the specialised olfactory nerves [chemoreceptors] found

A

in the roof of the NC above the superior nasal conchae

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29
Q

what are the sensory receptors of taste called

A

chemoreceptors

30
Q

where is sweet taste found on the tongue

A

tip

31
Q

where is salty taste found on the tongue

A

tip

32
Q

where is sour taste found on the tongue

A

sides

33
Q

where is bitter taste found on the tongue

A

back

34
Q

how does taste come about

A

signals travel along the medulla oblongata, some signals are projected to the hypothalamus and the LS and some to the thalamus

35
Q

what can smell and taste trigger

A

salivation and gastric secretion
chemoreceptors are also triggered when a foreign substance travels the body

36
Q

where are the olfactory and optic nerves found

A

cerebrum

37
Q

where are the 10 cranial nerves found minus O&O

A

BS

38
Q

olfactory nerve

A

smell

39
Q

optic

A

return info from retina to brain

40
Q

oculomotor

A

innovates extraocular muscle movement, eye movement and upper eyelid movement

41
Q

trocochlear

A

operates superior oblique eye muscles, ONLY MOTOR SIGNALS

42
Q

trigeminal

A

general sensory nerve of head

43
Q

facial

A

serves taste buds, on upper 2/3 enables facial muscle movements

44
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

serves posterior 1/3 taste buds

45
Q

abducens

A

side to side eye movement

46
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and balance

47
Q

hypoglossal

A

tongue movement

48
Q

accessory nerve

A

spinal and cranial sections, motor nerve stimulating neck muscle movements

49
Q

vagus

A

taste buds in throat, stimulates muscles in chest that aid digestion

50
Q

what are the cranial nerves

A

O,O,O,T,T,F,G,A,V,H,A,V

51
Q

what are the three layers of eye tissue

A
  1. outer fibrous = sclera + cornea
  2. middle vascular = choroid + body
    3 inner nervous tissue = retina
52
Q

labyrinthitis

A

origin: ear
caused by infections
symptoms: vertigo, nausea, hearing loss, pain and puss

53
Q

cataracts

A

origin: eye
causes visual impairments due to the opacity of the lens
symptoms: vision changes and eye colour changes

54
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

origin: facial nerve
caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve
symptoms: ++ pain, burning sensation

55
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

caused by a benign tumour between the middle ear and brain
symptoms; hearing loss, balance issues, headache

56
Q

SCC (pinna)

A

surgery, topical chemo, RT
RT = 45Gy in 10 with electrons

57
Q

acoustic neuroma treatment

A

watch and wait
surgery
SRS
VMAT = 50Gy in 30

58
Q

ocular melanoma treatment

A

surgery, cyrotherapy, brachytherapy [radioactive disc on the eye]

59
Q

retinoblastoma symptoms and treatment

A

eye bulging, vision changes
eye removal, chemo, RT
40-45Gy in 20-25

60
Q

risks of ocular melanoma

A

skin and hair type
atypical mole syndrome
primary acquired melanosis
UV exposure
blue eyes

61
Q

ear cancer risks

A

fair skin
UV exposure
middle ear: repeated infections, prior RT and HPV
inner ear: unknown

62
Q

ear cancer presentation

A

lump in canal
face weakness
ear bleeds
tinnitus
headache
visible mass [skin only]
discharge
pain
hearing loss

63
Q

ear treatment

A

surgery
chemo
RT

64
Q

what is ear primary treatment

A

surgery
removal of:
ear canal
part or all of temporal bone
middle ear
inner ear
LN around ear
if not all tumour removed RT is needed

65
Q

what cancer type is common in inner ear

A

adeno carcinoma

66
Q

where are most ear cancers invasions from

A

parotid cancers

67
Q

what is T1 ear cancer

A

middle ear, no face numbness, not in nearby bone

68
Q

T2 ear cancer

A

grown outside area, numbness or is affecting nearby bone

69
Q

T3 ear cancer

A

grown into nearby SG (PG) or base of skull

70
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect

A

environment changes and stimulate changes to maintain homeostasis

71
Q

what are chemoreceptors important in

A

respiration and circulation (measure CO2)

72
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

medulla oblongata and nose

Head and Neck and CNS (12 decks)

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