Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Head and Neck and CNS > CNS anatomy > Flashcards

CNS anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the CNS

A

visceral and somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the somatic part

A

recieving and responding to information from the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the visceral part

A

innervation of organs in the body and other components, more connected with the internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the CNS do

A

controls and coordinates most functions of the body and mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the CNS include

A

spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of CSF

A

supports and protects the brain and spinal cord by maintaining uniform pressure
shock absorber between brain and skull
keeps brain and SC moist
exchange of nutrients and waste between CSF and interstitial fluid
acts as a cushion for the brain, making it weightless
keeps the brain in place
regulation of breathing, bathes the medulla where the central respiratory chemoreceptors are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does CSF contain

A

glucose [gives it a slight yellow colour], lactic acid and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does CSF exit

A

through the meninges into the venous supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens to CSF if brain is enlarged

A

fluid levels decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens if the brain volume decreases

A

CSF levels increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what allows for the secretion of CSF into each ventricle

A

choroid plexus [highly vascularised]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what cells is the CSF surrounded by

A

ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does CSF pass back into the blood

A

by the arachnoid villi, composed of arachnoid matter which project into the venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the movement of CSF depend on

A

the pressure at each side of the villi walls, transferring it from the arachnoid space to the venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to the CSF movement if CSF pressure is higher than venous pressure

A

CSF pushed into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens if the venous pressure is greater

A

the arachnoid villi collapse preventing passage of blood constituents into CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

formanen of monro

A

sits behind part of the BS
from 4th to SC
reabsorbed back into circulation via meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the blood supply

A

circulus arteriosus + arteries maintain constant supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain, when the head moves, the contributing artery becomes narrowed
autoregulation of cerebral arteriolar diameter maintains constant blood flow to the brain compensating for fluctuations, protecting the brain
venous blood drains into the dural venous sinuses -> IJ vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what should the systemic BP be

A

65-140mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the arterial blood supply

A

carotid feeds through the neck
vertebral + internal carotid = connected in the inter cranial space = cerebral arterial circle of willis

two vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum forming the basillar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what causes a stroke

A

blockage of blood to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what causes a haemorrhage

A

over blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what causes vascular dementia

A

diameter constriction, less blood to brain causes confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the four ventricles

A

left
right
3rd
4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where are the lateral ventricles

A

in the central hemisphere on each side of the median plane below the corpus callosum
separated by a narrow septum and lined with ciliated epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do the lateral ventricles communicate with

A

the 3rd ventricle via the inter-ventricular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle found

A

below the lateral ventricles, between the 2 parts of the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the 3rd ventricle communicate with

A

the 4th by the canal aqueduct, it recieves CSF fluid via the cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is the 4th ventricle

A

sits below and behind the 3rd between the cerebellum and the pons
slightly alkaline and has a specific gravity of 1.005
consists of water, salts, glucose, plasma proteins, leukocytes, creatinine, urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is hydrocephallis

A

blocked ventricle, excess CSF which builds up, failing to reabsorb
causes intracranial pressure and can link to meninge issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how do CSF leaks present

A

headaches, relief whilst laying down
lack of CSF can cause collapse, as brain becomes heavy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

CSF leak SE

A

nausea, headaches, confusion, vomiting, clear fluid from ear and injury site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the BBB

A

it is a semipermeable barrier which allows small molecules in via diffusion as well as selective + AT of various nutrients and ions and anions and macromolecules

protects the brain tissue from pathogens + toxic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what cant pass through the BBB

A

chemo BUT TEMZ

however a reservoir can be put in so that small doses of chemo can be given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what can pass through the BBB

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, lipid soluble

inorganic ions, AA pass slowly or not at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the two types of cell of the brain

A

neurons and glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is a feature about neurones

A

THEY DONT DIVIDE
ONCE THEY DIE THEY CANT BE REPLACED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what do sensory neurons do

A

detect stimuli from external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

carry impulses from brain to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what do interneurones do

A

connect other nerve cells and help relay messages between the brain and other body cells. They allow impulses from sensory neurons -> brain -> motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what structures are grey matter

A

brain, BS, cerebellum, SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is GM

A

six layers of neurons, axon terminals and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does grey matter do

A

send nerve signals which govern motor activity to nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does white matter do

A

myelinated, conductor of nerve signals which process them
conducts, sends and processes signals and responds

there is more white matter so signals can respond after they’ve been replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the different glial cells

A

ependymal
astrocytes
oliogodendrocyte
microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the role of the glial cells

A

support the neurones and protect them
regulate chemical environment
role repair in trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the role of astrocytes

A

clean up dead neurons
fine branching processes lie in a mucopolyssacharide ground substance
biochemical control which line the BBB
tells the transmitters what to do after the message has been delivered
contributes to homeostasis
structural support of CNS
linked with parkinsons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what happens when the astrocytes get damaged

A

the processes form a mesh as they multiply, which inhibits regrowth of damaged CNS neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

hair like projections which move CSF fluid through fluid filled cavities, which form the lining of the ventricles and the central canal of the SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what would happen if there was no ependymal cells

A

build up of fluid would occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what do specialised ependymal cells form

A

choroid plexuses of the ventricles and secrete CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

cluster of nerve cells bodies in grey matter which are found adjacent to and along the mylelinated nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what do the oligodendrocytes form

A

the myelin sheath around the neurons, faster transmission of information sending, also contains multiple branches which speeds up transmission also.
it protects the neurons, and the gap allows for conduction and impulse of messages, which multiply around degenerating neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how are oligodendrocytes destroyed

A

in demyelinating diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are microglia

A

cells derived from monocytes which migrate from the blood to the nervous system. Which remove damaged and infected cells maintaining CSF is a healthy state

static cells are found dispersed throughout the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are microglia part of

A

the mononulear phagocyte system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are the types of meninges

A

cranial
spinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what do meninges do

A

they stop the brain/cord from touching bone, contains a blood supply, produces CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where are meninges

A

lie in between the skull and the brain, and between the vertebral foramina and spinal cord
brain and SC are completely surrounded by three layers of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are the 3 layers of tissue
[outwards - in]

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is found between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

subdural space - serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is found between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

subarachnoid space = contains CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

these 3 layers continue in the…..

A

spinal canal, containing the epidural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is dura mater composed of

A

two layers of dense fibrous tissue
outer periosteal layer lines the inner surface of the skull, bones and inner meningeal layer, provides a protective covering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what does the inner layer of dura mater do

A

sweep inwards following the brain contours, forming membranous extensions that particularly divides the cranial cavity

66
Q

what is the flax cerebri

A

separates the 2 central hemispheres, penetrates the depth of the corpus callosum

67
Q

what is the falx cerebelli

A

separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

68
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebellum and the cerebrum

69
Q

what is the venous blood supply of the dura mater

A

venous sinuses are found in between the two layers, superior sagittak sinus is formed by the falx cerebri and tentorium.
cerebelli forms straight and transverse sinuses, allows blood to leave and CSF to re-enter the venous supply

70
Q

what is the arachnoid matter made from

A

fibrous tissue

71
Q

arachnoid mater

A

passes over the convolutions of the brain and accompanies the inner layer of the dura mater in the formation of the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebelli

72
Q

where does the arachnoid mater end

A

at S2, as it merges with the dura mater

73
Q

what is pia mater made from

A

connective tissue with tiny blood vessels which adhere to the brain covering the brain convolutions and dipping into each fissure

74
Q

what does the pia continue as at the end of the cord

A

filium terminale

75
Q

what does the fused pia mater and dura mater become

A

coccyx periostenium

76
Q

what is the role of the pia mater

A

act as a physical barrier, separating the neural tissue

77
Q

what is the extradural space

A

space between the dura mater and the bone which have air spaces to reduce trauma

78
Q

what are the two spaces where CSF flows

A

arachnoid space and subarachnoid

79
Q

where does the arachnoid space continue to

A

S2

80
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by

A

vertebrae, meninges, CSFwh

81
Q

where do the nerves fan out to become causa equina

A

L1/L2

82
Q

where does the SC extend from

A

foramen magnum - L1/L2

83
Q

is ventral front or back

A

front

84
Q

is dorsal front or back

A

back

85
Q

how many pair of nerves are there

A

31

86
Q

what holds the spine in place

A

erectus spinus

87
Q

how many C vertebrae

A

7

88
Q

how many L spine is there

A

5

89
Q

how many T spine is there

A

12

90
Q

how many S spine is there

A

5

91
Q

what spine is in the upper limbs

A

C5-T1

92
Q

what spine is in the lower limbs

A

L1-S3

93
Q

what is the coronal suture

A

fusion of the frontal bone and the two parietal

94
Q

what is the sagittal suture

A

fusion of the two parietal

95
Q

what is the lamboid suture

A

fusion of the occipital bones to the parietal

96
Q

what are sutures

A

keep the skull sections fused together

97
Q

what does the falx cerebri divide into

A

left and right cranium

98
Q

what does the falx cerebri determine

A

the site of the sutures

99
Q

what does the falx cerebri attach to

A

part of the ethmoid bone (crista gali) which extends to the occipital protuberance

100
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges [amputation, seizures, death]
can be cancer induced

101
Q

mengioma is it malignant

A

no it is benign

102
Q

haematoma

A

vascular damage due to trauma, extradural space becomes fluid/blood filled

103
Q

what are the spinal nerves attached to

A

posterior and anterior roots

104
Q

posterior roots

A

carry information TO CNS (contains sensory neuron processes)

105
Q

anterior roots

A

carry information FROM CNS (contains motor fibres)

106
Q

what do dorsal problems cause

A

issues interpreting sensory info

107
Q

what do ventral issues cause

A

body’s ability to receive motor information, paralysis, tingling, muscle weakness

108
Q

what is heavy leg syndrome linked with

A

ventral root

109
Q

what is spina bifeda

A

inproper formation of the spine
weakness in legs, bowel/urine incontinence, cant feel hot or cold
birth defect [nerves outside the body]

110
Q

what does motor neurone disease cause

A

muscle weakness, slurred speech
unpreventable

111
Q

where is the cerebrum located

A

anterior, middle cranial fossa, divided by a deep cleft, longitudinal cerebral fissure into. right and left hemisphere each containing a lateral ventricle

112
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

the connection of two hemispheres by white matter

113
Q

what does the cerebrum do

A

cross and fine motor skills
hand eye coordination
balance

114
Q

what is bells palsy

A

one sided face weakness

115
Q

what is the cerebral cortex composed of

A

nerve cell bodies - superificial
nerve fibres - deep layers
exposed areas = gyri (convolutions) are separated by sulci (fissures) increasing the SA

116
Q

what does the motor areas of the cerebral cortex do

A

initate and control skeletal muscle movement

117
Q

what does the sensory areas of the CC do

A

receive and decode sensory impulses, enabling pain perception, temp, touch, light, sight, hearing, taste and smell

118
Q

what do the associated areas of the cerebral cortex do

A

integration and processing of mental functions [intelligence, memory, reasoning, judgement and emotions]

119
Q

what functions are associated with anterior of the central sulcus

A

motor

120
Q

what functions are associated with posterior of the central sulcus

A

sensory

121
Q

what are the different lobes

A

temporal
occipital
parietal
frontal

122
Q

what marks the lobe boundaries

A

deep sulci

123
Q

what are the different sulci

A

central
lateral
parieto-occipital sulci

124
Q

what increases the SA of the brain

A

gyri and sulci

125
Q

what does the parietal lobe contribute to

A

object classification
knowledge of numbers
visuo-spacial processing
spelling
perception

126
Q

what does the frontal lobe contribute to

A

thinking
processing information
planning
behaviour control
problem solving
emotions
decision making
motor speech [brocos area = just above the lateral sulcus, controls the muscle movements for speech]

127
Q

what does the temporal lobe contribute to

A

memory
speech
vision
hearing sensitivity to sound and how nerves process it
facial recognition
understanding language

128
Q

what does the occipital lobe contribute to

A

vision
colour identification
visual processing

129
Q

what does the corpus callosum act as

A

a communicator for the left and right side of the brain
[bundle of nerves along the longitudinal fissure]

130
Q

why is good oxygen supply needed

A

optimal processing

131
Q

what does the internal capsule connect to

A

cerebral cortex and other structures ie thalamus and brainstem

132
Q

what do the nerve fibres in the internal capsule form

A

pyramidal tracts which cross at the medulla oblongata (to the skeletal muscles), ones which dont pass through have connections to parts of the brain: basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum

133
Q

what is the role of basal ganglia

A

initiation and fine motor control of complex movement, learned coordinated activities

134
Q

what happens if motor control is inadequate

A

jerky movements, clumsy and uncoordinated

135
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

connection of the cerebrum to the BS

136
Q

what is the thalamus

A

relay station for sensory impulses, role in memory, sleep wake signals

137
Q

what is the olfactory bulb responsible for

A

smell

138
Q

what is the amygdala

A

fight or flight
produces adrenaline

139
Q

what is the pineal gland responsible for

A

sleep/wake cycle
sensitive to steroids

140
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A

behind the corpus callosum, secretes melatonin

141
Q

what is the roles of the hypothalamus

A

heart rate
BP
body temp
glandular secretions of stomach and intestines
sleep cycles
secretions of substances which influence pituitary gland to release hormones
appetite and body weight
fluid and electrolyte balance

142
Q

what is the hippocampus responsible for

A

recalling info
memory station: converts short term to long term
alzheimers

143
Q

where is hippocampus found

A

temporal lobe

144
Q

what is the brainstem responsible for

A

communication between brain + SC
control centre
contains 10/12 nerves [- optic and olfactory]

145
Q

what is the midbrain responsible for

A

hearing
vision
temp regulation
eye movement
motor control
sleep/wake cycle
alertness

146
Q

what is the pons responsible for

A

connects L+R hemisphere
sleep
respiration
swallowing
bladder control
body movements

147
Q

what is the medulla responsible for

A

respiratory
digestive system
cardio system
regulation autonomic involuntary functions: breathing, heart rate, BP
vomiting

148
Q

describe the location of the brain stem etc from top to bottom

A

thalamus
midbrain
pons
medulla
SC

[midbrain to SC = brain stem]

149
Q

what is the basal ganglia responsible for

A

fine motor skills [involuntary]
receives impulses from the cerebrum, processed and adjusted which are sent to the thalamus and info is relayed back to the GM of the cerebrum before signals are sent to the spine

150
Q

where is the basal ganglia found

A

deep within WM

151
Q

where is the taste area of the limbic system

A

above the lateral sulcus, in the deep layers of the somatosensory area
sensory receptors in taste buds are received and interpreted

152
Q

what is the limbic system

A

the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

153
Q

where is the auditory area of the limbic system

A

below the lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe

154
Q

what does the auditory area do

A

nerve cells receive and interpret impulses transmitted from the inner ear by the cochlear of the vestibulocochlea nerves

155
Q

where is the somatosensory area

A

behind the central sulcus

156
Q

what does the somatosensory area do

A

pain sensation, temp, pressure, touch, awareness of muscular movement and joint position

right hemisphere receives impulses from the left side of the body and vice versa

157
Q

what is the size of the cortical areas proportional to

A

the extent of the sensory innervation

158
Q

where is the olfactory area in the limbic system found

A

deep within the temporal lobe

159
Q

what do the olfactory nerves do in the LS

A

receive and interpret impulses

160
Q

what are the areas of the limbic system

A

auditory
sensory
taste
somatosensory
olfactory

[vestibular relates to touch, NOT AN AREA THOUGH]

Head and Neck and CNS (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions