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Head and Neck and CNS > Anatomy (bones, muscles, larynx and pharynx) > Flashcards

Anatomy (bones, muscles, larynx and pharynx) Flashcards

1
Q

how many cranial bones are there

A

8

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2
Q

what are the cranial bones

A

temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal

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3
Q

how many facial bones are there

A

14

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4
Q

what are the facial bones

A

maxilla x2 [2x + upper teeth]
zygomatic x2
nasal x2
palatine x2
inf nasal conchae x2
lacrimal x2
vomer
mandible

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5
Q

what bone looks like one bone but is two

A

maxilla

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6
Q

what bone is associated with the olfactory nerves and how?

A

the ethmoid bone protrudes up the base of the skull, and sits posterior to the NC forms the orbital side wall, which flattens forming a plate. Tiny holes are associated with the olfactory nerves

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7
Q

what muscles are involved in mastication

A

masseter
buccinator
obicularis oris
ptervgoid
temporalis

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8
Q

what does the masseter do?

A

covers the lateral aspect of the mandible, closes jaw, elevates the mandible

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9
Q

what does the temporalis do?

A

fan shaped which covers part of the temporal, parietal and frontal bones of the cranium. Closes jaw by retracting and elevating the mandible, maintains the mandible possible at rest

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10
Q

what does the obicularis oris do?

A

circular muscles which surround the lips, closing and pursing the lip. Work with the buccinator to keep food within the teeth

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11
Q

what does the ptervgoid do?

A

lateral and medial muscles which are concealed by the mandible, helps move the food side to side

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12
Q

what are the groups of salivary glands

A

submandibular
sublingual
parotid [largest group]

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13
Q

what nerve sits close to the parotid gland

A

facial nerve, can cause facial palsy

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14
Q

how is the pharynx laid out

A

nasopharynx -> oropharynx -> laryngopharynx -> oesophagus

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15
Q

how does the nasal cavity become the trachea

A

nasal cavity -> oral cavity -> epiglottis -> larynx -> trachea

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16
Q

the role of the anterior nares

A

forms an opening into the NC

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17
Q

the role of the posterior nares

A

creates a barrier between the nasopharynx and the cavity

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18
Q

what are the meatus

A

they are structures which create air turbulence, removing debris and pathogens

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19
Q

what is the role of the NC

A

air filtration, blood capillaries are close to the surface, so allows for humidification, moistening the air

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20
Q

the larynx extent

A

C3-C6

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21
Q

how many cartilages does the larynx have

A

nine

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22
Q

what type of cartilage covers the larynx, what structures doesnt have this cartilage

A

hyaline
epiglottis [elastic cartilage]

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23
Q

larynx relations

A

sup: hyoid bone, roof of tongue
inf: trachea
post: hypopharynx, C vertebrae
ant: muscles associated with the hyoid and neck

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24
Q

describe the thyroid cartilage

A
  • 9 irregular cartilages joined by ligaments
  • largest type (shield shape)
  • stimulates hormones during puberty
  • formed by two flat hyaline cartilages: thyroid lamina fused anteriorly at the laryngeal prominence
  • at superior midline the laryngeal prominence separates forming thyroid notch [below the epiglottis attachment]
25
Q

what is the cricoid cartilage

A
  • below the thyroid cartilage
  • narrow aspect is ant
  • broad aspect is post which provides articulation for the arytenoid superiorly and the inferior cornu to the TC inferiorly
  • lower border marks end of upper respiratory tract
26
Q

epiglottis

A
  • elastic cartilage
  • attached to the TC, below the inferior end of the thyroid, which rises obliquely upwards behind the tongue and hyoid
  • superior end free
  • covered by taste bud mucosa
  • covers and closes off larynx during swallowing, protects the lungs from inhaled pathogens
  • initiates coughing if foreign material enters
27
Q

what are the arytenoid cartillages

A

paired, pyramid cartilages at the top of the cricoid which provides attachment for the vocal chords, influence the position and tension of the true vocal chords

28
Q

what is the corniculate cartilage

A

paired which open and close the glottis, and sound production

29
Q

cuniform cartilages

A

pair wedged shaped found at the epiglottis fold

30
Q

where does the larynx become continuous with the trachea

A

C6

31
Q

vocal chords

A
  • true and false which are folds of the mucous membrane
  • true are formed from vocal ligaments [attached to the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilages, free edges extend from the thyroid prominence to the aryetenoid]
  • anterior and posterior commissures are joinings of the vocal chord
  • true appear white due to the poor blood supply
  • false are vestibular folds found superior to the true with NO role in sound production
  • false protect the true
  • glottis is the opening between the TC through which air passes
32
Q

what are the two laryngeal muscle groups

A
  • extrinsic: attaches the cartilages to surrounding structures, position and stabilise the larynx
  • intrinsic: attaches cartilages together, regulate tension of VC and open and closes the glottis
33
Q

above the VC what is the lining

A

stratified squamous [sup TC + epiglottis]

34
Q

below the VC what is the lining

A

ciliated columnar [inferior TC + cricoid + arynetoid]

35
Q

what is the function of the larynx

A
  • speech: during expiration when the glottis opens and closes, sound by the VC is manipulated by the tongue, cheeks and lips
  • sound productivity
  • pitch: tightness and cord length, longer chords = deep voice
  • volume: greater force of vibration = louder sound
  • resonance: tone of voice dependent on shape and position of mouth, tongue, lips, facial muscles and paranasal sinuses
  • warming, filtering and humidifying air
  • air passageway: between the pharynx and trachea
  • protection: protects the lower respiratory tract during swallowing, the larynx occupies the pharynx opening and epiglottis moved to cover the larynx. makes sure the food bolus enters the oesophagus and not the trachea + lungs
36
Q

what is the blood supply in larynx

A

arterial: sup + inf laryngeal arteries [branches off the sup and inf thyroid arteries]
venous: thyroid veins into internal jugular

37
Q

what is the lymphatic supply in the larynx

A

anterior deep cervical -> superior deep cervical

38
Q

what is the nerve supply in the larynx

A

superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves
branches off the vagus nerve, motor function to muscle, sensory function to lining

39
Q

location of the pharynx

A

sits behind the NC, OC, larynx
opens to allow for communication between these sites

40
Q

pharynx extent

A

base of skull - C6

41
Q

is the pharynx mobile

A

mobility is restricted, but as you travel down to the oropharynx it becomes more mobile

42
Q

how many regions does the pharynx have

A

3

43
Q

attachments from the pharynx

A

anchored by the base of skull, attached laterally to the hyoid bone, mandible and base of tongue

44
Q

what is the layers of tissue in the pharynx

A

mucous membrane
fibrous tissue
muscle

45
Q

what parts of the pharynx have a digestive function

A

oropharynx
laryngopharynx

46
Q

what part of the pharynx has a respiratory only function

A

nasopharynx

47
Q

what is the nasopharynx composed of?

A

ciliated columnar
moves debris down to the oropharynx

48
Q

what is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx composed of?

A

stratified squamous, provides protection due to the increased friction and chemical nature of the food

49
Q

what is the thickness of fibrous tissue at the nasopharynx

A

thick (less muscle, rigid)

50
Q

what is the thickness of the fibrous tissue at the oro and hypopharynx

A

thin (more muscle)

51
Q

what does the muscle in the pharynx help with

A

swallowing, involuntary muscles: sup, inf and middle constrictor

52
Q

describe the oropharynx

A
  • opens into the OC
  • extends from the soft palate, to the sup edge of the epiglottis [C3]
  • largest portion
  • uvula = extension of the soft palate, sparks vomit reflex
  • palatine tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue
  • lingual, palatine, adenoids and pharyngeal form the waldeyers ring
53
Q

describe the nasopharynx

A
  • behind the NC
  • at the soft palate level
  • doesnt move
  • adenoids have a immune response role
  • auditory/ Eustachian tube equalizes pressure between the inner and outer ear
54
Q

describe the hypopharynx

A
  • associated with the larynx
  • C3-C6
  • becomes continuous with the oesophagus
  • post = connects to oesophagus
  • ant = connects to the larynx
55
Q

what is the nerve supply of the pharynx

A
  • via pharyngeal plexus
  • parasympathetic = vagus + glossopharyngeal
  • sympathetic = superior cervical plexus - constantly active to help with homeostasis
  • autonomic = parasympathetic + sympathetic
56
Q

what is the blood supply of the pharynx

A

arterial = via facial artery branches which is a branch off external carotid artery
venous = facial vein -> internal jugular vein

57
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx

A

naso = internal jugular chain
oro = dependent on the subsite
soft palate = submandibular, superior internal jugular nodes
palatine = DCC/IJC
base of tongue = upper DCC
laryngo = DCC [post into retropharyngeal node, inferior into paratracheal nodes]

58
Q

what are the lymph levels

A

IA = submental
IB = submandibular
IIA= jugulodigastric
IIB = internal jugular [sup]
III = middle internal jugular
IV = lower internal jugular, cricoid
VA = upper and middle spinal accessory
VB = lower spinal accessory

59
Q

functions of the pharynx

A
  • passageway for air and food
  • warming and humidifying air
  • hearing: maintains pressure balance both side of the tempanic membrane
  • protection: waldeyers ring, collection of lymphoid tissue allows for antibody production
  • speech: pharynx acts as an resonating chamber
  • taste: nerve endings are related with the taste buds in the oropharynx

Head and Neck and CNS (12 decks)

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