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General pathology (pathophysiology) > Special pathology - lower urinary tract > Flashcards

Special pathology - lower urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

hematuria

A

Blood in your urine

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2
Q

stranguria

A

slow, painful urination or straining to pass urine

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3
Q

pollakiuria

A

means frequent, abnormal urination during the day

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4
Q

Urolithiasis (syndrome):

A

familial, congenital, or
acquired pathophysiological factors

that, in combination, progressively increase the risk of
precipitation of excretory metabolites in urine to form stones

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5
Q

name the 5 most commmon uroliths found in dogs

A

struvite
calcium oxalate
urate
cystine
silica stones

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6
Q

most common type of uroliths in dogs

A

struvite

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7
Q

define lithotripsy

A

a treatment using ultrasound shock waves, by which a kidney stone or urolith is broken into small particles that can be passed out by the body

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8
Q

what breed of dog is most prone to urate stones?

A

dalmations

+ dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts

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9
Q

what type of diet is recommended for dogs wtih urate stones?

A

urine alkalinization via a low purine, low protein diet and specifically either wet food, watered kibble or added salt to encourage water intake for urine dilution

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10
Q

cystinuria

A

renal amino acid reabsorption defect of amino acid cystine

can form stones if cystine concentrations high

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11
Q

cystine cysteine difference

A

cysteine is an amino acid while cystine forms when two amino acids join together via a disulfide bond

so cystine is a dimer of cysteine

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12
Q

LUTS =

A

Lower urinary tract signs

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13
Q

periuria

A

urinating outside the litter-box and in unusual or inappropriate places

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14
Q

what is contrast urethrocystography

A

to determine the structure and possible disorders of the urinary bladder and the urethra

remains the method of choice to determine presence of rupture of the excretory pathway particularly in trauma cases

uses contrast that is administered either iv, or retrograde into teh bladder/urethra

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15
Q

Crystalluria is

A

the presence of crystals in urine

May be insensitive and unreliable because urine samples can crystalize with time.

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16
Q

Name 3 types of Radiopaque uroliths

A

Radiopaque:
calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
silica

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17
Q

Name 1 type of moderately Radiopaque uroliths

A

struvite

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18
Q

Name 3 types of Radiolucent uroliths

A

radiolucent = transparent to X-rays. Radiolucent structures appear dark or black in xrays.

cystine
urate
xanthine

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19
Q

urolith composition prediction can be bcased on what 4 factors

A

survey radiography
breed
crystal identification on microscopy
urine pH

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20
Q

2nd most common type of canine urolith after struvite

A

calcium oxalate

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21
Q

most common 2 types of feline uroliths

A

struvite most common
2nd most common, calcium oxalate

so same as in dogs

22
Q

Struvite stones composition

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate

23
Q

The majority of struvite uroliths form as a consequence of

A

urinary tract infection (UTI) with bacteria that produce
urease.

24
Q

Sterile struvite uroliths can be dissolved how?

A

with therapeutic foods through urine acidification

25
Q

hypercalciuria could produce what type of uroliths?

A

Calcium Oxalate (CaOx)

26
Q

What does it mean when struvite stones are described as sterile?

A

It means they form without a bacterial infection.

27
Q

what are oxalates

A

a salt or ester of oxalic acid.
Oxalate is a natural product of metabolism in the body.

It should leave your body through your urine. If your oxalate levels are too high, the extra oxalate can combine with calcium to form kidney stones.

28
Q

2 main causes of Urate Uroliths

A
  1. an inherited alteration of the urate transporter
    (encoded by the SLC2A9 gene)
  2. hepatic portovascular anomalies
29
Q

hyperuricosuria is

A

excessive amounts of uric acid in the urine.

Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine.

30
Q

How to minimize urate urolith recurrence (4-5)

A

decrease hyperuricosuria by
reducing purine intake
increasing urate solubility

in dogs with portovascular anomalies-complicated:
sufficient water and urine alkalization

31
Q

how does allopurinol affect urate stones

A

Allopurinol is in a class of medications called xanthine oxidase inhibitors.

It works by reducing the production of uric acid in the body.

32
Q

cystine stones caused by

A

rare inherited disease,
failure of renal tubular reabsorption of cystine

33
Q

To minimize cystine urolith recurrence: (4)

A

to increase fluid consumption
limit animal protein intake
limit sodium intake
alkalinize urine

34
Q

what is tiopronin

A

is a medication used to control the rate of cystine precipitation and excretion in the disease cystinuria

35
Q

FLUTD

A

Feline lower urinary tract disease is an umbrella term that
describes the spectrum of disorders affecting the urinary
bladder or urethra in cats.

36
Q

FIC

A

feline idiopathic cystitis

FIC is a diagnosis of exclusion

most common cause of FLUTD and lower urinary tract signs/LUTS

37
Q

5 classic LUTS in cats

A

LUTS = Lower urinary tract signs

Pollakiuria
Stranguria
Periuria
Dysuria
Hematuria

38
Q

anxiopathy is

A

pathology resulting from chronic activation of
the central threat response system (CTRS)

meaning a disease caused by overstimulation of the body’s stress response system.

such as in FIC - feline idopathic cystitis

39
Q

What is a urine plug in cats?

A

Feline urethral plugs are a common cause for urethral obstruction in the male cat.

Typically, plugs contain mineral and organic matrix (e.g. inflammatory reactants, mucus, blood, sloughed tissue).

40
Q

most common mineral composition of feline urinary plugs

A

struvite at 92%

41
Q

obstructive FLUTD patient main points for care (3)

A

Stabilization -> ICU patients
Analgesia with opioids!
prevention of Urethral spasms

42
Q

describe a Disorder of storage Disease of abnormal micturition

A

normal bladder pressure but inability to maintain adequate urethral tone

43
Q

aquired disorders of urinary storage (3)

A

uretheral sphincter mechanism incompetence
lower motor neuron bladder
overactive bladder

44
Q

Uretheral sphincter mechanism incompetence

A

Reduced muscle responsivness, tone and changes in the
periurethral tissues.

Typically problem of female dogs after spaying due to reduction in estrogen, increases in FSH and luteinizing
hormone.

45
Q

The presence of urinary incontinence in an otherwise healthy neutered female dog that was previously continent is often adequate for presumptive diagnosis of

A

USMI and a trial of empirical therapy.

urethral sphincter mmmechanism incompetence

46
Q

what is Lower motor neuron bladder

A

usually occurs secondary to spinal cord injury or disease

easily expressible bladder. requires intermittent catheterization or manual expression by the
owner.

treatment:
correction of the underlying lesion may lead to some
return to normal function
muscarinic agonist bethanechol

47
Q

potential Reasons for The inability to completely empty the bladder during a normal void: (3)

A

result from either a functional or mechanical obstruction of
the outflow tract and urethra

an abnormality of the detrusor muscle, which would impair
the bladder’s contraction

Overflow incontinence can result from the lack of complete
emptying, often when the animal is at rest.

48
Q

Detrusor Atony is

A

is bladder atony and is often associated with weakened
urethral tone.

Direct damage to the detrusor muscle can occur from
overdistension due to mechanical or functional outflow
obstruction.

49
Q

Detrusor urethral dyssynergy is

A

abnormality in the reflex arc that normally allows the
urethral sphincter to relax at the initiation of urination.

Also called a Functional urethral obstruction.

50
Q

give an example of a Functional urethral obstruction

A

Detrusor urethral dyssynergy

Clinical signs:
are similar to those of mechanical obstruction

51
Q

Treatment of the hypertonic urethral sphincter such as in Detrusor urethral dyssynergy

A

alpha-adrenergic blockade with prazosin

alpha1-specific antagonist-effects on both the internal and
external urethral sphincter

52
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Bladder is

A

a syndrome in which Spinal cord lesions cranial to the sacral segment cause difficulty in bladder emptying

e.g. often secondary to IVDD and associated paresis

After Treatment of the underlying lesion, partial or complete return to normal voiding function after days to weeks.

Until normal voiding resumes, the patients are managed:
with alpha-adrenergic blockade
manual expression or catheterization

General pathology (pathophysiology) (16 decks)

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