General pathophysiology - plasma proteins

Question 1

hyperproteinemia regarded as ? g/dl

Answer 1

> 8-9 g/dl

(broadly, >90 g/L)

Question 2

increased albumin usually indicates

Answer 2

dehydration

Question 3

normal or low albumin with increased serum globulins indicates

Answer 3

pregnancy or immune response

Question 4

hypoproteinemia regarded as ? g/dl

Answer 4

< 5.5 g/dl

(broadly, < 55 g/L)

Question 5

normal albumin with low total plasma proteins indicating hypoglobulinemia may indicate (2)

Answer 5

failure of passive immunity
synthesis defect

Question 6

low albumin with low globulin is termed

causes? (3)

Answer 6

hypoproteinemia

overhydration
protein-losing pathology such as enteropathy
liver disease
etc.

Question 7

why do large scale burns cause hypoproteinemia?

Answer 7

whole plasma diffuses into the burned areas/blisters

reduction in albumin level due to a higher vascular permeability in the burn wounds that produces exudation with an important protein loss through the burn wound. in severe case can lead to shock

Question 8

Duration of protein loss can be estimated by checking

Answer 8

fructosamine levels

hypoalbuminemia and normal fruct. indicate less than a week of decreased proteins

hypoalb. + hypofruct. indicate more than a week of protein loss

normal albumin with hypofruct. indicate recovery from either hypoalbuminemia or hypoglycemia

Question 9

hypoalbuminemia and normal fructosamine indicate

Answer 9

less than a week of decreased proteins

Question 10

hypoalbuminemia + hypofructosamine indicate

Answer 10

more than a week of protein loss

Question 11

normal albumin with hypofructosamine indicate

Answer 11

recovery from either hypoalbuminemia or hypoglycemia

Question 12

major acute phase protein for dogs

Answer 12

c-reactive protein

SAA second

Question 13

major acute phase protein for cats

Answer 13

serum amyloid A

AGP in some sources, TNF/alfa for FIV at least

Question 14

major acute phase protein for ruminants

Answer 14

haptoglobin
SAA

Question 15

major acute phase protein for horses

Answer 15

serum amyloid A

Question 16

major acute phase protein for pigs

Answer 16

CRP
SAA

Question 17

AGP

Answer 17

alfa1-acid glycoprotein is a moderate acute phase protein in

fe, ca, ov, eq, bo, cap

Question 18

CP APP

Answer 18

ceruloplasmin, minor acute phase protein in

ca, bo, eq, su

Question 19

TN APP

Answer 19

transferrin can act as a negative acute phase protein

Question 20

alfa2-macroglobulin

Answer 20

major acute phase protein in rats

Question 21

FIB APP

Answer 21

fibrinogen as a minor acute phase protein

Question 22

In rabbits, major APP is

Answer 22

CRP

Question 23

Normal A:G- with hyperproteinemia

Answer 23

Simple water loss dehydration is essentially
the only instance when a simple hyperproteinemia
without change in profile or A: G occurs.

In this case, all protein fractions increase proportionately, including albumin, because only water has been removed from the svstem.

Question 24

Normal A:G with Hypoproteinemia

Answer 24

iatrogenic Overhydration through vigorous fluid therapy or excessive water intake

In other instances, for example, after acute blood loss,
interstitial fluid moves rapidly into the plasma compartment, thus diluting the system. This dilution may be further intensified by the ingestion of water to
satisfy the thirst commonly seen in acute blood loss.

or external plasma loss (e.g. burns)
or internal plasma loss (e.g. enteropahty, endoparasites)

Question 25

Decreased A:G, with Decreased Albumin

Answer 25

either albumin loss or failure of albumin synthesis

albumin is selectively lost in renal disease, gut disease, and in intestinal parasitism; hypoalbuminemia is an important feature of chronic liver disease

due to the sensitivitv of albumin synthesis to protein and nitrogen loss such as in diarrhea, albumin loss impairs albumin synthesis and further compounds the hypoalbuminemia

Question 26

Decreased A:G, with increased globulins

Answer 26

acute inflammatory diseases
nephrotic syndrome
suppurative dermatopathies

Question 27

Increased A: G with Increased albumin

Answer 27

True overproduction of albumin does not occur in
any animal.

does not occur except in dehydration

Question 28

Increased A : G with decreased globulins

Answer 28

Fetal serum
Precolostral neonate
Combined immunodeficiency of Arabian foals
Aglobulinemia