General pathophysiology - plasma proteins Flashcards
hyperproteinemia regarded as ? g/dl
> 8-9 g/dl
(broadly, >90 g/L)
increased albumin usually indicates
dehydration
normal or low albumin with increased serum globulins indicates
pregnancy or immune response
hypoproteinemia regarded as ? g/dl
< 5.5 g/dl
(broadly, < 55 g/L)
normal albumin with low total plasma proteins indicating hypoglobulinemia may indicate (2)
failure of passive immunity
synthesis defect
low albumin with low globulin is termed
causes? (3)
hypoproteinemia
overhydration
protein-losing pathology such as enteropathy
liver disease
etc.
why do large scale burns cause hypoproteinemia?
whole plasma diffuses into the burned areas/blisters
reduction in albumin level due to a higher vascular permeability in the burn wounds that produces exudation with an important protein loss through the burn wound. in severe case can lead to shock
Duration of protein loss can be estimated by checking
fructosamine levels
hypoalbuminemia and normal fruct. indicate less than a week of decreased proteins
hypoalb. + hypofruct. indicate more than a week of protein loss
normal albumin with hypofruct. indicate recovery from either hypoalbuminemia or hypoglycemia
hypoalbuminemia and normal fructosamine indicate
less than a week of decreased proteins
hypoalbuminemia + hypofructosamine indicate
more than a week of protein loss
normal albumin with hypofructosamine indicate
recovery from either hypoalbuminemia or hypoglycemia
major acute phase protein for dogs
c-reactive protein
SAA second
major acute phase protein for cats
serum amyloid A
AGP in some sources, TNF/alfa for FIV at least
major acute phase protein for ruminants
haptoglobin
SAA
major acute phase protein for horses
serum amyloid A
major acute phase protein for pigs
CRP
SAA
AGP
alfa1-acid glycoprotein is a moderate acute phase protein in
fe, ca, ov, eq, bo, cap
CP APP
ceruloplasmin, minor acute phase protein in
ca, bo, eq, su
TN APP
transferrin can act as a negative acute phase protein
alfa2-macroglobulin
major acute phase protein in rats
FIB APP
fibrinogen as a minor acute phase protein
In rabbits, major APP is
CRP
Normal A:G- with hyperproteinemia
Simple water loss dehydration is essentially
the only instance when a simple hyperproteinemia
without change in profile or A: G occurs.
In this case, all protein fractions increase proportionately, including albumin, because only water has been removed from the svstem.
Normal A:G with Hypoproteinemia
iatrogenic Overhydration through vigorous fluid therapy or excessive water intake
In other instances, for example, after acute blood loss,
interstitial fluid moves rapidly into the plasma compartment, thus diluting the system. This dilution may be further intensified by the ingestion of water to
satisfy the thirst commonly seen in acute blood loss.
or external plasma loss (e.g. burns)
or internal plasma loss (e.g. enteropahty, endoparasites)
Decreased A:G, with Decreased Albumin
either albumin loss or failure of albumin synthesis
albumin is selectively lost in renal disease, gut disease, and in intestinal parasitism; hypoalbuminemia is an important feature of chronic liver disease
due to the sensitivitv of albumin synthesis to protein and nitrogen loss such as in diarrhea, albumin loss impairs albumin synthesis and further compounds the hypoalbuminemia
Decreased A:G, with increased globulins
acute inflammatory diseases
nephrotic syndrome
suppurative dermatopathies
Increased A: G with Increased albumin
True overproduction of albumin does not occur in
any animal.
does not occur except in dehydration
Increased A : G with decreased globulins
Fetal serum
Precolostral neonate
Combined immunodeficiency of Arabian foals
Aglobulinemia
