Special Operations Part 1

Question 1

The traction on ice tends to be worst -

Answer 1

during low speeds

Question 2

The critical speed required to produce hydroplaning is a function of tyre pressure. The formula is :

Answer 2

V = 9 (square root of the pressure)

Question 3

The type of hydroplaning:

This is actually the technical term describing the normal lubricating action of water and it can occur on all wet runways whether they are damp or being coated by heavy rain. This type of hydroplaning is most severe on runway surfaces that lack microtexture.

It’s by far the most commonly encountered cause of reduced friction on runways, but it does not reduce it to a level that would preclude wheel spin-up on touchdown

Answer 3

Viscous hydroplaning

Question 4

The type of hydroplaning:

This occurs when a tyre is actually lifted off the runway surface and rides on a “wedge” of water like a water ski. The condition required to cause this are standing water, high speeds and poor macrotexture.

Answer 4

Dynamic hydroplaning

Question 5

The standing water required to produce true dynamic hydroplaning would have to be deeper than the -

Answer 5

groove depth of the tyre tread.

Question 6

The type of hydroplaning:

This typically occurs during a rejected take-off or following a landing when heavy braking is applied. The tyre on a locked wheel skids on the wet surface and the heat created by friction can turn the water on the runway to superheated steam which, in turn, can create blisters on the tyre and revert the tyre’s rubber to its gummy, unvulcanised state.

Answer 6

Reverted rubber hydroplaning

Question 7

Critical speeds, compared to water, would be much -

Answer 7

higher

Question 8

In level flight, in stable conditions, vortices descend slowly at sing rates of -

To stabilise at approximately -

Remaining the for up to -

Answer 8

400 - 500 fpm

1000ft below the aircraft’s flight path

4 minutes

Question 9

Vortices disperse fairly quickly in -

Answer 9

unstable air

Question 10

A following aircraft, to avoid vortices, should always fly -

Answer 10

above the flight path of the aircraft being followed

Question 11

Vortice Category:

at or below 7 000kg -

Answer 11

Light

Question 12

Vortice Category:

between 7 000kg and 136 000kg

Answer 12

Medium

Question 13

Vortice Category:

greater than 136 000kg

Answer 13

Heavy

Question 14

Distance separation:

Heavy followed by heavy or medium -

Answer 14

5 nm

Question 15

Distance separation:

heavy followed by light -

Answer 15

6 nm

Question 16

Distance separation:

Medium followed by heavy, medium or light -

Answer 16

5 nm

Question 17

Distance separation:

Light followed by light -

Answer 17

5nm

Question 18

Time separation:

When taking off behind a heavy aircraft, light or medium aircraft are separated by _ minutes if:

• using the same runway
• crossing in a runway where the flight paths cross
• using a parallel runway within 760m
• using a parallel runway more than 760m away if the flight path crosses

Answer 18

2 minutes

Question 19

Time separation:

The separation is increased to _ minutes when:

• taking off from an intersection
• taking off from the intersection of a parallel runway within 760m if the flight paths cross

Answer 19

3 minutes

Question 20

When taking off behind a heavy aircraft, get airborne -

Answer 20

before its lift off point

Question 21

When taking off after a heavy aircraft has landed get airborne -

Answer 21

after its touchdown point

Question 22

Time separation:

In the case of a medium aircraft following a heavy aircraft, arriving separation is -

Answer 22

2 minutes

Question 23

In the case of a light aircraft following a heavy aircraft, arriving separation is -

Answer 23

3 minutes

Question 24

When landing after a heavy aircraft has landed, touchdown -

Answer 24

after its touchdown point

Question 25

When landing after a heavy aircraft has taken off, touchdown -

Answer 25

before its lift off point