Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Medicine III (Fall 2017) > Special Diagnostic Testing in Cardiopulmonary Disease > Flashcards

Special Diagnostic Testing in Cardiopulmonary Disease Flashcards

1
Q

process by which air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs and into the alveoli

A

ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does V represent

A

ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in most general terms, ventilation is ____ and ____

A

inspiration and expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pressure difference exists between the trachea and alveoli from ____

A

terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

during ventilation, there is a contraction of ________

A

inspiratory muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the inspiratory muscles are ______ and ______

A

diaphragm and intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the contraction of inspiratory muscles during ventilation leads to a ____ of intrathoracic pressure

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

alveoli expand which will ____ their pressure

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inspiration occurs resulting from….

A

negative pressure from intrathoracic cavity by muscles contracting and space getting bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

definition: when gas exchange across alveoli increases

A

hyperventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

definition: movement of blood through an area

A

perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

perfusion is represented by _

A

Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

perfusion is _______ dependent

A

gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how long does it take to oxygenate?

A

a fraction of a second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

during perfusion, the right ventricle moves blood to ______

A

pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

during perfusion, the left ventricle moves blood to ____ and then to ____

A

bronchial branch –> bronchial tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the V-Q Scan

A

uses radioactive gas and dye delivered via injection and inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when is the V-Q Scan performed

A

when a pulmonary embolism is suspected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the V-Q Scan measure

A

ventilation and perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the normal V/Q ratio

A

0.8-1.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

must V and Q be matched at the alveolar-capillary level?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is the V-Q Scan optimal

A

mid-portion of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why is the mid-portion of the lung most optimal for the V-Q Scan

A

good balance of gravity affecting lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what occurs simultaneously as V and Q

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does diffusion determine

A

a patient’s oxygenation status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is diffusion

A

movement of gases between alveoli, plasma, and RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how is diffusion assessed (2)

A

partial arterial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does PaO2 mean

A

partial arterial pressure of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does SaO2 mean

A

oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how much O2 is extracted by cells?

A

25% of arterial O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cautions of Pulse Oximetry (6)

A
  1. Abnormal Hgb
  2. Jaundice
  3. Anemia
  4. Low Perfusion
  5. Dark skin
  6. Nail Polish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the general goal of pulse oximetry

A

SpO2 > 90% with exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does ABG stand for

A

Arterial Blood Gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do ABG measure

A

acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does pH measure

A

acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

normal values of pH

A

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what pH is acidemia

A

below 7.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what pH is alkalemia

A

above 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

definition of PaCO2

A

arterial pressure of CO2

40
Q

normal values of PaCO2

A

35-45 mmHg

41
Q

what PaCO2 is hyperventilation

A

below 35

42
Q

what paCO2 is hypoventilation

A

above 45

43
Q

definition of PAO2

A

arterial pressure of O2 in alveoli

44
Q

normal values of PaO2

A

75-100 mmHg

45
Q

a PaO2 of 60-75 is indicative of

A

mild hypoxemia

46
Q

a PaO2 of 40-60 is indicative of

A

moderate hypoxemia

47
Q

a PsO2 of below 40 is indicative of

A

severe hypoxemia

48
Q

definition of HCO3

A

serum bicarbonate

49
Q

normal values of HCO3

A

22-26 mEq/L

50
Q

HCO3 value outside of the norms is indicative of…

A

possible metabolic problem

51
Q

what is repiratory acidosis (H+, pH)

A
  • increased H+ ion

- pH decreased

52
Q

what happens to CO2 in respiratory acidosis

A

CO2 retained

53
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis (H+, pH)

A
  • decreased H+

- pH increased

54
Q

what happens to CO2 in respiratory alkalosis

A

blowing off CO2

55
Q

what is metabolic acidosis (H+/HCO3-, pH)

A
  • increased H+/ridding of HCO3-

- pH decreased

56
Q

what is a common symptom of metabolic acidosis

A

diarrhea

57
Q

why is diarrhea common with metabolic acidosis

A

lost HCO3-

58
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis (H+, pH)

A
  • increased H+ ion

- pH increased

59
Q

what is a common symptom with metabolic alkalosis

A

excessive vomitting

60
Q

why is excessive vomiting common with metabolic alkalosis

A

loss of stomach acid

61
Q

is the renal system fast or slow

A

slow (48 hours)

62
Q

is the renal system weak or powerful

A

powerful

63
Q

what does the renal system regulate

A

the excretion or retention of HCO3-

64
Q

during acidemia, what happens in the kidneys regarding bicarbonate

A

kidneys retain bicarbonate

65
Q

during alkalemia, what happens in the kidneys regarding bicarbonate

A

kidneys excrete bicarbonate

66
Q

is the respiratory system fast or slow

A

fast

67
Q

is the respiratory system weak or strong

A

weak

68
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

regulates excretion or retention of carbonic acid

69
Q

during alkalemia, what happens to rate & depth of breath and why

A

decrease rate & depth of breath to retain CO2

70
Q

during acidemia, what happens to rate & depth of and why

A

increase rate & depth to blow off CO2

71
Q

are blood buffers:

  1. slow or fast
  2. weak or strong
A
  1. fast

2. weak

72
Q

Hypoventilation (high PaCO2) is indicative of…

A

respiratory acidosis

73
Q

Hyperventilation (low PaCO2) is indicative of…

A

respiratory alkalosis

74
Q

a low HCO3- is indiactive of…

A

metabolic acidosis

75
Q

a high HCO3- is indicative of…

A

metabolic alkalosis

76
Q

if HCO3 or PaCO2 is normal, is a compensation present?

A

no

77
Q

if HCO3 or PaCO2 is high or low, is compensation present?

A

yes

78
Q

what is compensation

A

process by which abnormal trend in pH is corrected by change in HCO3 and/or PCO2

79
Q

early acidemia clinical signs

A

headache, tachypnea

80
Q

late signs of acidemia

A

confusion, asterixis

81
Q

early signs of alkalemia

A

dizziness

82
Q

late signs of alkalemia

A

twitching, carpopedal spasm

83
Q

early signs of hypoxemia

A

anxious, restless

84
Q

late signs of hypoxemia

A

confused, cyanosis

85
Q

typical view of a chest x-ray

A

P-A

86
Q

why are chest x-rays taken posteriorly

A

the heart sits anteriorly

87
Q

what is the costophrenic angle

A

where diaphragm matches the chest wall

88
Q

what does Spirometry screen for

A

subclinical lung disease

89
Q

what does the REV1 look at

A

air expired in first second

90
Q

what is normal FEV1

A

80% of VC

91
Q

on the FEV1, what is emphysema present as

A

40% of VC

92
Q

what does FVC stand for

A

Forced Vital Capacity

93
Q

what is normal on FVC

A

at least 70%

94
Q

what is bronchoscopy

A

use of a fiberoptic scope used o diagnose and treat pulmonary conditions

95
Q

what can be obtained with a bronchoscopy (3)

A
  1. biopsies
  2. secretions
  3. upper airway

Clinical Medicine III (Fall 2017) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions