Restrictive Lung Disease (CP Revised) Flashcards
in basic terms, what is restrictive lung disease
lungs cannot fully expand
in restrictive lung diseases, what is flail chest
3 or more adjacent ipsilateral ribs (/sternum) are fractured in at least 2 different segments
initial signs of restrictive lung diseases
chronic hyperventilation
what is hyperventilation
blow off too much CO2
in restrictive lung diseases, what does exertional dyspnea move to
dyspnea at rest
is cough effective in restrictive lung diseases
no it is ineffective
what is the breathing pattern like in restrictive lung diseases
rapid and shallow
what type of medication can be used for restrictive lung diseases
corticosteroids
progression in restrictive lung diseases starting with pulmonary artery hypertension (4 total)
pulmonary artery hypertension –> cor pulmonale –> severely decreased oxygenation –> ventilatory failure
what type of disease is pulmonary fibrosis
restrictive lung disease
pulmonary fibrosis is AKA
interstitial lung/pulmonary disease
pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis
chronic inflammation of lung tissue, leading to lung scarring
2/3 patients with pulmonary fibrosis can attribute ____ to the etiology
idiopathic
the other 1/3 can attribute their to… (pulmonary fibrosis)
s/p reactive airway disease due to healing scar tissue
because fibroblasts increase in activity in pulmonary fibrosis, what happens to the lobe at the alveoli
increased fibroblast activity distorts and shrinks lobe at the alveoli = decrease lung compliance
in pulmonary fibrosis, “stiff lung” referes to difficulty…
difficulty diffusing gases across
initial signs of pulmonary fibrosis
SOB and dry cough
is response predictable for pulmonary fibrosis
nope
pneumonconiosis is AKA
Dusty Lungs/Black Lung Disease
what is pneumonconiosis caused by
inhalation of large amounts of industrial substances
pathophysiology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
exposure to organic dust
what is affected in hypersensitivity pneumonitis
alveoli and distal airways
signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
quick onset of dyspnea, fever, chills, nonproductive cough
prognosis for hypersensitivity pneumonitis
poor with repeated exposure
what is the most common resultant from noxious gases, fumes, smoke inhalation
local irritation
what is atelectasis
collapse of a normally expanded lung
in atelectasis where can the lung collapse
any level of the lung/all of the lung
primary cause of atelectasis
bronchus obstructed
primary cause of bronchus obstructed in atelectasis
mucus membrane
in atelectasis, what happens to alveolar gas
absorbed in blood
because alveolar gas is absorbed in the blood, what happens to alveoli
it can’t stay open
pulmonary edema AKA
pulmonary congestion
what is pulmonary edema
excessive fluid in the lungs
in pulmonary edema, where does fluid accumulate
interstitial tissue
the incidence of pulmonary edema increases with age in those with…
heart failure
what part of the heart experiences failure with pulmonary edema
left ventricle
pathophysiology of pulmonary edema
fluid from pulmonary vessels leaks into alveolar spaces
because fluid from pulmonary vessels leaks into alveolar spaces, what happens to space of gas exchange with pulmonary edema
decrease space of gas exchange
in pulmonary edema, tissue injury leads to…
fibrosis
in general terms, what is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS)
acute respiratory failure
the incidence of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS) increases with…
new life sustaining measures for serious injury/illness
are any specific ages effected more by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS) than others?
nah
etiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS)
systemic or pulmonary insult
in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS), what is inactivated
surfactants
in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS), what happens to fluids, proteins, and blood cells?
they leak
what is atelectasis
collapse of a lung
is atelectasis seen in ARDS
yes it can happen
when does the first sign of ARDS occur
12-48 hours after the original event
what happens to respiratory rate in ARDS
increased
if multiorgan failure happens in ARDS, what is the prognosis like
poor
what is the mortality rate in ARDS
50-70%
what type of disease is sarcoidosis
systemic
in sarcoidosis, there are diffuse ___ and ___
granulomas and inflammation
are men or women more affected by sarcoidosis
women
in terms of etiology, there is a _____ cellular immune response for sarcoidosis
exaggerated
in sarcoidosis, ____ and ___ are most often affected
lungs and thoracic lymph nodes
in sarcoidosis, there is an increased risk for ____
osteoporosis
can sarcoidosis be asymptomatic
yes
in restrictive lung diseases, lung volumes and total lung capacities are _____
decreased
in restrictive lung diseases, what happens to residual volume
may stay or decrease
in restrictive lung diseases, is chronic hypo or hyperventilation present
chronic hyperventilation
in restrictive lung diseases, exertional dyspnea may progress to…
dyspnea at rest
what is pneumothorax
accumulated air/gas in the pleural cavity
is any particular age affected with pneumothorax
no
what population is spontaneous pneumothorax seen in
tall, slim males 10-30 y/o
pneumothorax is common with…
trauma
in pneumothorax, what enters the pleural cavity
air
because air enters the pleural cavity in pneumothorax, there is a loss of ___ in the pleural space
negative pressure
after the lung collapses in pneumothorax, what does it do
recoils toward the hilum
three types of pneumothorax
- spontaneous
- tension
- open
what is spontaneous pneumothorax
opening on the lung surface
in spontaneous pneumothorax, what is leaked from the pleural cavity
air
is tension pneumothorax more dangerous?
yes
what is tension pneumothorax
lung rupture into the pleural space
in tension pneumothorax, can air enter with inspiration? expiration?
it can enter with inspiration, but it cannot escape
what is open pneumothorax
puncture/opening
in open pneumothorax, what does pleural space air pressure lead to
barometric pressure
what happens regarding air in open pneumothorax
air comes in and is forced back out
is dyspnea common with pneumothorax
yes
treatment for open pneumothorax
no real treatment
bed rest and O2 to relieve dyspnea
treatment for tension pneumothorax
repair or closure of the defect and remove air from the pleural space
what is pleuritis
inflamed pleura
is pleuritis sudden?
yes
what kind of pain is present in pleuritis
sharp chest pain
two types of pleuritis
wet and dry
is wet pleuritis likely to be painful
no, instead it interferes with breathing
in dry pleuritis, is there a change in the fluid between the pleural layers
no
in dry pleuritis, what causes pain
chafing between layers
what is pleural effusion
pleural fluid between pleural layers
etiology of pleural effusion
impaired secretion/drainage of the fluid
pathophysiology of pleural effusion
fluids migrate through capillary walls into affected tissues
what is a pulmonary embolism
clot lodged in a pulmonary artery
because of the clot in a PE, what happens
blocked blood supply to lung parenchyma
what is the most common cause of sudden death in hospitalized patients
pulmonary embolism
what is the primary imaging to research PEs
VQ Scan
what is a pulmonary infarction
emboli rises in the lungs
is there tenderness, leg pain, swelling, and warmth with DVTs
yes
what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lung parenchyma
in pneumonia, there is a release of…
endotoxin
aspiration pneumonia is often seen on the (L/R?) side
right
is viral pneumonia severe?
no it’s self-limiting and mild
how does Ledionnaire’s Disease happen
environmentally spread bacteria
pneumonia is often preceded by..
an upper respiratory infection
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection associated with…
AIDS
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) is the first indicator of classification from ___ to ____
HIV to AIDS
how does Pulmonary Tuberculosis happen
infection of the lungs with mycobacterium tuberculosis
two types of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- primary
2. secondary
is primary tuberculosis symptomatic
no it is usually asymptomatic
what parts of the lung are affected with primary tuberculosis
middle/lower
what usually brings on secondary pulmonary tuberculosis
lowered resistance to infection
what lobes are affected by secondary pulmonary tuberculosis
upper lobes (one or both lungs)
etiology of pulmonary tuberculosis
inhalation of infected airborne particles
what is a lung abscess
localized accumulation of a purulent exudate
what is the most common respiratory disorder in premature infants
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome
inadequate amount and regeneration of surfactant
