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Clinical Medicine III (Fall 2017) > Restrictive Lung Disease (CP Revised) > Flashcards

Restrictive Lung Disease (CP Revised) Flashcards

1
Q

in basic terms, what is restrictive lung disease

A

lungs cannot fully expand

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2
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, what is flail chest

A

3 or more adjacent ipsilateral ribs (/sternum) are fractured in at least 2 different segments

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3
Q

initial signs of restrictive lung diseases

A

chronic hyperventilation

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4
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

blow off too much CO2

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5
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, what does exertional dyspnea move to

A

dyspnea at rest

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6
Q

is cough effective in restrictive lung diseases

A

no it is ineffective

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7
Q

what is the breathing pattern like in restrictive lung diseases

A

rapid and shallow

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8
Q

what type of medication can be used for restrictive lung diseases

A

corticosteroids

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9
Q

progression in restrictive lung diseases starting with pulmonary artery hypertension (4 total)

A

pulmonary artery hypertension –> cor pulmonale –> severely decreased oxygenation –> ventilatory failure

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10
Q

what type of disease is pulmonary fibrosis

A

restrictive lung disease

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11
Q

pulmonary fibrosis is AKA

A

interstitial lung/pulmonary disease

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12
Q

pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis

A

chronic inflammation of lung tissue, leading to lung scarring

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13
Q

2/3 patients with pulmonary fibrosis can attribute ____ to the etiology

A

idiopathic

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14
Q

the other 1/3 can attribute their to… (pulmonary fibrosis)

A

s/p reactive airway disease due to healing scar tissue

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15
Q

because fibroblasts increase in activity in pulmonary fibrosis, what happens to the lobe at the alveoli

A

increased fibroblast activity distorts and shrinks lobe at the alveoli = decrease lung compliance

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16
Q

in pulmonary fibrosis, “stiff lung” referes to difficulty…

A

difficulty diffusing gases across

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17
Q

initial signs of pulmonary fibrosis

A

SOB and dry cough

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18
Q

is response predictable for pulmonary fibrosis

A

nope

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19
Q

pneumonconiosis is AKA

A

Dusty Lungs/Black Lung Disease

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20
Q

what is pneumonconiosis caused by

A

inhalation of large amounts of industrial substances

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21
Q

pathophysiology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

exposure to organic dust

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22
Q

what is affected in hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

alveoli and distal airways

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23
Q

signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

quick onset of dyspnea, fever, chills, nonproductive cough

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24
Q

prognosis for hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

poor with repeated exposure

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25
Q

what is the most common resultant from noxious gases, fumes, smoke inhalation

A

local irritation

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26
Q

what is atelectasis

A

collapse of a normally expanded lung

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27
Q

in atelectasis where can the lung collapse

A

any level of the lung/all of the lung

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28
Q

primary cause of atelectasis

A

bronchus obstructed

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29
Q

primary cause of bronchus obstructed in atelectasis

A

mucus membrane

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30
Q

in atelectasis, what happens to alveolar gas

A

absorbed in blood

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31
Q

because alveolar gas is absorbed in the blood, what happens to alveoli

A

it can’t stay open

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32
Q

pulmonary edema AKA

A

pulmonary congestion

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33
Q

what is pulmonary edema

A

excessive fluid in the lungs

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34
Q

in pulmonary edema, where does fluid accumulate

A

interstitial tissue

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35
Q

the incidence of pulmonary edema increases with age in those with…

A

heart failure

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36
Q

what part of the heart experiences failure with pulmonary edema

A

left ventricle

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37
Q

pathophysiology of pulmonary edema

A

fluid from pulmonary vessels leaks into alveolar spaces

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38
Q

because fluid from pulmonary vessels leaks into alveolar spaces, what happens to space of gas exchange with pulmonary edema

A

decrease space of gas exchange

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39
Q

in pulmonary edema, tissue injury leads to…

A

fibrosis

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40
Q

in general terms, what is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS)

A

acute respiratory failure

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41
Q

the incidence of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS) increases with…

A

new life sustaining measures for serious injury/illness

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42
Q

are any specific ages effected more by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS) than others?

A

nah

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43
Q

etiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS)

A

systemic or pulmonary insult

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44
Q

in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS), what is inactivated

A

surfactants

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45
Q

in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndome (ARDS), what happens to fluids, proteins, and blood cells?

A

they leak

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46
Q

what is atelectasis

A

collapse of a lung

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47
Q

is atelectasis seen in ARDS

A

yes it can happen

48
Q

when does the first sign of ARDS occur

A

12-48 hours after the original event

49
Q

what happens to respiratory rate in ARDS

A

increased

50
Q

if multiorgan failure happens in ARDS, what is the prognosis like

A

poor

51
Q

what is the mortality rate in ARDS

A

50-70%

52
Q

what type of disease is sarcoidosis

A

systemic

53
Q

in sarcoidosis, there are diffuse ___ and ___

A

granulomas and inflammation

54
Q

are men or women more affected by sarcoidosis

A

women

55
Q

in terms of etiology, there is a _____ cellular immune response for sarcoidosis

A

exaggerated

56
Q

in sarcoidosis, ____ and ___ are most often affected

A

lungs and thoracic lymph nodes

57
Q

in sarcoidosis, there is an increased risk for ____

A

osteoporosis

58
Q

can sarcoidosis be asymptomatic

A

yes

59
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, lung volumes and total lung capacities are _____

A

decreased

60
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, what happens to residual volume

A

may stay or decrease

61
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, is chronic hypo or hyperventilation present

A

chronic hyperventilation

62
Q

in restrictive lung diseases, exertional dyspnea may progress to…

A

dyspnea at rest

63
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

accumulated air/gas in the pleural cavity

64
Q

is any particular age affected with pneumothorax

A

no

65
Q

what population is spontaneous pneumothorax seen in

A

tall, slim males 10-30 y/o

66
Q

pneumothorax is common with…

A

trauma

67
Q

in pneumothorax, what enters the pleural cavity

A

air

68
Q

because air enters the pleural cavity in pneumothorax, there is a loss of ___ in the pleural space

A

negative pressure

69
Q

after the lung collapses in pneumothorax, what does it do

A

recoils toward the hilum

70
Q

three types of pneumothorax

A
  1. spontaneous
  2. tension
  3. open
71
Q

what is spontaneous pneumothorax

A

opening on the lung surface

72
Q

in spontaneous pneumothorax, what is leaked from the pleural cavity

A

air

73
Q

is tension pneumothorax more dangerous?

A

yes

74
Q

what is tension pneumothorax

A

lung rupture into the pleural space

75
Q

in tension pneumothorax, can air enter with inspiration? expiration?

A

it can enter with inspiration, but it cannot escape

76
Q

what is open pneumothorax

A

puncture/opening

77
Q

in open pneumothorax, what does pleural space air pressure lead to

A

barometric pressure

78
Q

what happens regarding air in open pneumothorax

A

air comes in and is forced back out

79
Q

is dyspnea common with pneumothorax

A

yes

80
Q

treatment for open pneumothorax

A

no real treatment

bed rest and O2 to relieve dyspnea

81
Q

treatment for tension pneumothorax

A

repair or closure of the defect and remove air from the pleural space

82
Q

what is pleuritis

A

inflamed pleura

83
Q

is pleuritis sudden?

A

yes

84
Q

what kind of pain is present in pleuritis

A

sharp chest pain

85
Q

two types of pleuritis

A

wet and dry

86
Q

is wet pleuritis likely to be painful

A

no, instead it interferes with breathing

87
Q

in dry pleuritis, is there a change in the fluid between the pleural layers

A

no

88
Q

in dry pleuritis, what causes pain

A

chafing between layers

89
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

pleural fluid between pleural layers

90
Q

etiology of pleural effusion

A

impaired secretion/drainage of the fluid

91
Q

pathophysiology of pleural effusion

A

fluids migrate through capillary walls into affected tissues

92
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism

A

clot lodged in a pulmonary artery

93
Q

because of the clot in a PE, what happens

A

blocked blood supply to lung parenchyma

94
Q

what is the most common cause of sudden death in hospitalized patients

A

pulmonary embolism

95
Q

what is the primary imaging to research PEs

A

VQ Scan

96
Q

what is a pulmonary infarction

A

emboli rises in the lungs

97
Q

is there tenderness, leg pain, swelling, and warmth with DVTs

A

yes

98
Q

what is pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung parenchyma

99
Q

in pneumonia, there is a release of…

A

endotoxin

100
Q

aspiration pneumonia is often seen on the (L/R?) side

A

right

101
Q

is viral pneumonia severe?

A

no it’s self-limiting and mild

102
Q

how does Ledionnaire’s Disease happen

A

environmentally spread bacteria

103
Q

pneumonia is often preceded by..

A

an upper respiratory infection

104
Q

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection associated with…

A

AIDS

105
Q

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP) is the first indicator of classification from ___ to ____

A

HIV to AIDS

106
Q

how does Pulmonary Tuberculosis happen

A

infection of the lungs with mycobacterium tuberculosis

107
Q

two types of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

A
  1. primary

2. secondary

108
Q

is primary tuberculosis symptomatic

A

no it is usually asymptomatic

109
Q

what parts of the lung are affected with primary tuberculosis

A

middle/lower

110
Q

what usually brings on secondary pulmonary tuberculosis

A

lowered resistance to infection

111
Q

what lobes are affected by secondary pulmonary tuberculosis

A

upper lobes (one or both lungs)

112
Q

etiology of pulmonary tuberculosis

A

inhalation of infected airborne particles

113
Q

what is a lung abscess

A

localized accumulation of a purulent exudate

114
Q

what is the most common respiratory disorder in premature infants

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

115
Q

pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome

A

inadequate amount and regeneration of surfactant

Clinical Medicine III (Fall 2017) (3 decks)

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