Reading Outline (beginning of "revised" section in Special Diagnostic Testing...) Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
a cough can either be ____ or ____ based on length of time it has persisted
A
acute or chronic
2
Q
an acute cough has persisted for…
A
less than 3 weeks
3
Q
a chronic cough has persisted for…
A
over 8 weeks
4
Q
two types of cough
A
- dry
2. productive
5
Q
a dry cough often spirals into…
A
a self-perpetuated cough
6
Q
is a dry cough generally valued?
A
nope
7
Q
a dry cough may be seen in…
A
tumor, asthma
8
Q
a productive cough clears…
A
airways
9
Q
a productive cough might be present in…
A
infections
10
Q
the release in a productive cough is termed
A
sputum
11
Q
a bloody sputum might be present in
A
infection, tumor, infarction
12
Q
a purulent (pussy) sputum might be indicative of
A
infection
13
Q
a non-purulent sputum may indicate
A
airway irritation
14
Q
what is dyspnea
A
shortness of breath
15
Q
what does dyspnea indicate
A
poor ventilation/perfusion
16
Q
causes of dyspnea (3)
A
- increased awareness of normal breathing (anxiety)
- increased work to breathe
- abnormal ventilatory function
17
Q
what is orthopenea
A
dyspnea when laying down
18
Q
chest pain can present in __#?___ different ways
A
3
19
Q
chest wall pain can be described as (2)
A
- superficial
2. localized
20
Q
visceral chest pain can indicate involvement of (3) things..
A
- pulmonary
- cardiac
- GI
21
Q
where is pulmonary chest pain generally
A
directly over the involved lung field
22
Q
can pulmonary chest pain be anterior, lateral, or posterior?
A
yee
23
Q
is it possible for chest pain to mimic other neuromuscular/musculoskeetal causes of neck/shoulder pain?
A
yes
24
Q
chest pain can radiatate: yay or nay
A
yay
25
what is cyanosis
bluish tint
26
for cyanosis, what is seen for PaO2 and Hgb
PaO2: low
Hgb: decreased
27
is gas exchange good or bad for cyanosis
poor
28
what parts are specifically blue for cyanosis
mucous membranes (tongue, lips)
29
in cyanosis, arterial saturation is often...
less than 75%
30
for cyanosis, how is peripheral oxygen extraction described
excessive
31
what is cyanosis often associated with
cold external temps, anxiety, heart failure, shock
32
Clubbing is a dumbed down word for
Hypertophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy
33
clubbing appears as
thick and wide terminal phalanges
34
what happens regarding the nail and neail bed
the angle between the nail and nail bed is lost
35
in clubbing, pulmonary problems often lead to...
hypoxia
36
clubbing is common in...(4)
cystic fibrosis, lung abscess, pulmonary fibrosis, congenital heart disease
37
what is the 2nd most common cause of disability in adults under 65
lung disease
38
two types of respiratory diseases
1. obstructive
| 2. restrictive
39
three obstructive diseases
1. COPD
2. Asthma
3. Chronic Bronchitis
40
two restrictive diseases
1. Extrapulmonary Disorder
| 2. Parenchyma Disorders
41
what is an obstructive pulmonary disease
increased airway resistance
42
what is a restrictive pulmonary disease
lungs prevented from expanding fully
43
85-90% of all COPD deaths are caused by...
smoking
44
in COPD, what happens to the bronchial wall
inflamed and fibrosis
45
in COPD, what happens to the submucosal glands
hypertrophy and hyperscretion
46
in COPD, what happens elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue
loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue
47
after inspiration in COPD, what happens to recoil of tissue
fail to get normal recoil of tissue after ispiration
48
in COPD, is there a decreased ability to get air out
yes
49
for COPD what are the goals (increase/decrease) for all of these?
1. oxygenation
2. activity tolerance
3. CO2 retention
4. airway edema/inflammation
5. secretions
6. anxiety/depression
1. increase
2. increase
3. decrease
4. decrease
5. decrease
6. decrease
50
is prognosis good or poor to COPD
poor
51
is there a cure for COPD
no
52
what can increase survival rate for COPD
O2
53
what is asthma
a reversible obstructive lung disease
54
what happens during asthma
chronic airway inflammation, narrowing
55
in asthma, do airways overreact or underreact
overreact
56
what is the most common chronic disease in adults and children
asthma
57
two main types of asthma
1. extrinsic
| 2. intrinsic
58
extrinsic asthma is also called ___ asthma
allergic
59
intrinsic asthma is also called ___ asthma
non-allergic
60
what is intrinsic asthma triggered by
unknown trigger (secondary to respiratory infection)
61
asthma is most likely to occur before (age?)
5 y/o
62
asthma is more common in girls/boys?
boys (3x) (rates even out after puberty)
63
in asthma, what do airway spasms lead to
mucous plugs the airway --> distal air trapped
64
in asthma, distal air being trapped leads to...
VQ mismatch, hypoxemia, increased work to breathe
65
in asthma, is airway inflammation always present?
yes
66
in asthma, is chest tightness present?
yeah
67
in asthma, is wheezing common
yes
68
in asthma, is tachypnea common
yes
69
two medications for asthma
1. bronchodilators
| 2. anti-inflammatory agents
70
is bronchial asthma a bad or good prognosis
good
71
what can asthma progress to
COPD (in small amount of individuals)
72
can severe asthma be life threatening?
yes
73
what is Status Astmaticus
acute asthma attack
74
Status Astmaticus is a severe...
bronchospasm
75
is Status Astmasticus a medical emergency
yes
76
during status astmasticus, what happens to breath sounds
diminished/absent
77
what can status astmaticus lead to
hypoxemia, acidosis
78
what can happen is status astmaticus is untreated
respiratory and cardiac arrest
79
what is chronic bronchitis
history of a productive cough of at least 3 months in duration for 2 consecutive years
80
in chronic bronchitis, what happens to the bronchial lining
inflammation and scarring
81
in chronic bronchitis, what happens as proximal airways collapse
air becomes trapped in distal airways
82
what is emphysema
enlarged airspaces and accumulated air in tissue
83
primary etiology of emphysema
smoking
84
what protein deficiency may be the cause of emphysema
genetic AAT
85
in emphysema, the increased release of _____ leads to destroyed elastin, loss of elasticity, and recoil
elastase
86
is there a problem with mucous production in emphysema
no
87
instead of mucous production problems, what happens in emphysema
airway narrowing/collapse
88
what happens to alveolar walls in emphysema
destroyed
89
does work of breathing increase for emphysema
yes
90
two main types of emphysema
1. centriacinar
| 2. pantracinar
91
what populations is centriacinar seen in
- smokers
- men
- chronic bronchitis
92
two sub branches of centriacinar
1. centrilobular
| 2. panlobular
93
what is the most common type of centracinar
centrilobular
94
what part of the lung is effected in centrilobular
upper lung
95
in centrilobular, _____ are destroyed, but _____ stays intact
bronchioles destroyed, alveolar sac stays intact
96
what develops around the airways in centrilobular
inflammation and edema
97
what part of the lung is most affected by panlobular
lower lung
98
what happens to the lobe in panlobular
entire lobe destroyed
99
what happens to the airspaces in panlobular
destroyed
100
panlobular usually begins in the ____ and expands ___
begins in alveoli and expands centrally
101
panlobular creates ____
bullae
102
Pantracinar is associated with...
AAT deficiency
103
is cough common with emphysema
no
104
what type of chest is seen with emphysema
barrel
105
in emphysema, ___ is seen at rest
dyspnea
106
in emphysema auscultation, what do breath sounds sound like
decreased in all lungs fields
107
what type of breathing is recommended for emphysema
pursed-lip
108
prognosis for emphysema
eventual death from cardiac complications
109
what is bronchiectasis
extreme bronchitis
110
pathophysiology of bronchiectasis
irreversible airway destruction and dilation of medium sized bronchi and bronchioles (chronic inflammation of the bronchial wall)
111
bronchiectasis is associated with...
chronic bacterial infections
112
pathophysiology of bronchiolitis
severe lower airway inflammation
113
who is generally affected by bronchiolotis
children under 2
