speaking Flashcards
1
Q
is an act of making vocal sounds. It is a verbal skill that involves words and sounds. It is a complex cognitive and linguistic skill.
A
SPEAKING
2
Q
constructed the mnemonic, S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G to facilitate the application of each representation
A
Dell Hymes (1974)
3
Q
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
A
S - Setting and Scene
P - Participants
E - Ends
A - Acts Sequence
K - Key
I - Instrumentalities
N - Norms
G - Genre
4
Q
Hymes grouped sixteen components within eight divisions that can be applied to many sorts of discourse which are?
A
- message form;
- message content;
- setting;
- scene;
- speaker/sender;
- addressor;
- hearer/receiver/audience;
- addressee; purposes (outcomes);
- purposes (goals); key;
- channels;
- forms of speech;
- norms of interaction;
- norms of interpretation; and
- genres.
4
Q
TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS
A
a. Interactive
b. Partially interactive
c. Non-interactive
5
Q
When two or more people speak or talk to each other, the conversation is called a?
A
dialogue
6
Q
participants alternately speak and listen.
A
Interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
7
Q
Ex. face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, group meetings
A
Interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
7
Q
only the speaker speaks, and the feedback is the audience’s attentiveness, small gestures like nodding, etc.
A
Partially interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
8
Q
Ex. giving a speech to a large audience
A
Partially interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
8
Q
the audience cannot interact immediately.
A
Non-interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
9
Q
Ex. Radio/Television broadcast
A
Non-interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
10
Q
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
A
a. Intimate
b. Casual
c. Consultative
d. Formal
e. Frozen
11
Q
This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals.
A
Intimate
12
Q
This style is frozen in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
A
Frozen
12
Q
The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
A
Intimate
12
Q
This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used
A
Casual
13
Q
This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style.
A
Consultative
13
Q
Examples of situations are communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer or President.
A
Consultative
14
Q
Examples are sermons of priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President.
A
Formal
14
Q
This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one way.
A
Formal
15
Q
Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.
A
Frozen
16
Q
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
A
a. Exploratory/Informative Speech
b. Persuasive Speech
c. Entertainment Speech
17
Q
This type of speech provides information history, theories, practical applications, and etc. that can help the listeners understand something that is unknown to them or already known but not yet clearly understood.
A
Exploratory/Informative Speech
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It is also meant to help the listeners understand a topic in a more in-depth manner by providing the following in an organized way:
* new data
* data that are not readily available to everyone
* data already know to the audience but looked at in a different way
Exploratory/Informative Speech
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A persuasive speech is written to persuade, or convince the listeners, of the validity of the speaker's argument.
Persuasive Speech
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This might involve persuading someone to change their opinion or at the very least consider some elements that have not really been considered before.
Persuasive Speech
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It is a speech intends to captivate an audience's attention and amuse them while delivering a message.
Entertainment Speech
19
The purpose is not only to tell jokes. Neither is it the purpose of the speaker to have the audience laughing throughout the speech.
Entertainment Speech
19
is a process, an act and an art of making a speech before an audience.
Public speaking
20
The art of speaking in public is not new. Its long tradition can be traced back to ______________________. Any young men leaving at that time were expected to acquire and develop public speaking skills as part of their duties as citizens.
— Classical Greece (approximately 490-322 BC)
21
The first rules of a public speech were elaborated on over __________ years ago by the Greek philosopher and teacher of __________________________—____________.
The first rules of a public speech were elaborated on over 2000 years ago by the Greek philosopher and teacher of Alexander the Great—Aristotle.
21
Absolutely everyone from the age of ___________ has found themselves in situations where they have had to speak publicly.
10 to 90
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However, telling an anecdote at a corporate party, introducing yourself in class or delivering a paper at a conference does not necessarily make you a?
public speaker.
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THREE PARTS OF PERSUASION BY ARISTOTLE
1. Ethos (credibility or the speaker)
2. Logos (logic behind any conclusions drawn by a speaker)
3. Pathos (emotional appeal or ability to create connection between the speaker and his audience)
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First, in order to be asked to share their thoughts, observations, and ideas publicly a speaker should possess a certain level of authority and knowledge about the chosen topic
Ethos
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To make sure that the message is received and understood correctly by the audience, it has to be conveyed in a clear, informative, and logical manner
Logos
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development and refinement of the argument (finding ways to persuade)
Invention
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And to capture and hold the audience's attention the speaker must first establish an emotional connection with the listeners.
Pathos
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CICERO'S FIVE CANONS OF RHETORIC (Cicero believed that the process of eloquent speech preparation consists of five main steps:) (enumerate)
* Invention
* Arrangement
* Style
* Memory
* Delivery
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creation of the structure of a coherent argument
Arrangement
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the process of determining how to present an argument, using rhetorical techniques, and choosing the words that have the greatest impact on the audience
Style
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the process of learning and memorizing the speech while making it sound natural
Memory
26
the process of making effective use of voice and body language
Delivery
27
After the ascension of ___________, public speaking techniques developed in _______________ were copied and modified by the ________________. Here, ___________ lost its dominance in the political arena, but gained wide popularity as a form of entertainment, allowing famous ____________ to gain ______________________ and ___________ by using their public speaking skills. Amongst such people was ___________________________
After the ascension of Rome, public speaking techniques developed in Greece were copied and modified by the Romans. Here, oratory lost its dominance in the political arena, but gained wide popularity as a form of entertainment, allowing famous orators to gain political power and wealth by using their public speaking skills. Amongst such people was Marcus Tullis Cicero.
28
Around _________ Cicero wrote his ______________ called "______________________________" where he explained his "_________________________________________" that are widely used by many public speakers up to this day
Around 50 B.C. Cicero wrote his treatise called "De Oratore" where he explained his "Five Canons of Rhetoric" that are widely used by many public speakers up to this day
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a lawyer, politician, philosopher, who gained fame as Rome's greatest orator.
Marcus Tullis Cicero
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METHODS OF DELIVERY IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
a. Impromptu Speaking
b. Manuscript Speaking
c. Extemporaneous Speaking
d. Speaking from Memory
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prompted by the occasion rather than being planned in advance. While famous public speakers often joke that best speeches of this delivery should be prepared weeks in advance, usually in real life we have very little or no time to prepare before we speak in front of the audience.
Impromptu Speaking
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examples of this could be your boss asking you to bring the rest of your team up to date, or a group of friends urging you to say a few words at a non-profit event
impromptu speech
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is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation. Impromptu speeches often occur when someone is asked to "say a few words" or give a toast on a special occasion.
Impromptu Speaking
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"What did you think of the documentary?"
Another example of impromptu speaking occurs when you answer a question
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"Hi, my name is Steve, and I'm a volunteer with the Homes for the Brave program."
Self-introductions in group settings are examples of impromptu speaking
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The advantage of Impromptu Speaking
is that it's spontaneous and responsive in an animated group context.
35
The disadvantage of Impromptu Speaking
is that the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of his or her message. As a result, the message may be disorganized and difficult for listeners to follow.
36
This type of speech is written like a _________________ and is meant to be delivered word for word.
Manuscript Speaking
37
are used on many political and social occasions, when every word carries a lot of weight and should not be misquoted.
Manuscript speeches
38
One of the most common examples of a manuscript speech is?
a political figure delivering a speech that has been written by another person.
39
a political figure delivering a speech that has been written by another person is an example of what?
Manuscript speeches
40
Self-introductions in group settings is an example of what?
impromptu speaking
41
when you answer a question is an example of what?
impromptu speaking
41
In a ___________________________, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids.
manuscript speech
42
The advantage of reading from a manuscript is?
the exact repetition of original words.
42
In some circumstances, manuscript reading can be extremely important, for example?
For example, reading a statement about your organization's legal responsibilities to customers may require that the original words be exact.
42
In reading one word at a time, in order,(manuscript reading) the only errors would typically be?
mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over complex sentence structure.
43
there are costs involved in manuscript speaking: (enumerate)
1. First, it's typically an uninteresting way to present.
— Unless the speaker has rehearsed the reading as a complete performance animated with vocal expression and gestures (as poets do in a poetry slam and actors do in a reader's theatre), the **presentation tends to be dull.**
2. Keeping one's eyes glued to the script precludes eye contact with the audience.
3. For this kind of "straight" manuscript speech to hold audience attention, the audience must already be interested in the message before the delivery begins.
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is the most commonly used type of speech that helps to establish emotional connection with the audience.
Extemporaneous speech
45
It is built around key points, but the material can be presented freely, allowing the speaker to make changes in their speech based on the listeners' reaction.
Extemporaneous speech
45
The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to restate more clearly any idea or concept that the audience seems to have trouble grasping.
Extemporaneous speaking
45
is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
Extemporaneous speaking
45
By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous speaker can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they are understanding the speech as it progresses.
Extemporaneous speaking
45
The advantage of Extemporaneous speaking
— It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and credible.
— In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally.
46
is that it's spontaneous and responsive in an animated group context.
The advantage of Impromptu Speaking
46
In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally.
The advantage of Extemporaneous speaking
46
The disadvantage of Extemporaneous speaking
— it requires a great deal of preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal components of the speech.
— Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before you're scheduled to speak.
46
is that the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of his or her message. As a result, the message may be disorganized and difficult for listeners to follow.
The disadvantage of Impromptu Speaking
46
is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.
Speaking from Memory/Memorized speaking
46
the exact repetition of original words.
The advantage of reading from a manuscript
46
mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over complex sentence structure.
In some circumstances, manuscript reading can be extremely important, for example?
46
It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and credible.
The advantage of Extemporaneous speaking
47
Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before you're scheduled to speak.
The disadvantage of Extemporaneous speaking
47
it requires a great deal of preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal components of the speech.
The disadvantage of Extemporaneous speaking
47
Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they perform from a script in a stage play, television program, or movie scene.
example of Speaking from Memory/Memorized speaking/ Memorization
47
When it comes to speeches, this can be useful when the message needs to be exact, and the speaker doesn't want to be confined by notes.
memorization
48
The advantage of memorization
— is that it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech.
— Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your hands to make gestures.
— If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage.
48
is that it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech.
The advantage of memorization
49
f your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage.
The advantage of memorization
49
Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your hands to make gestures.
The advantage of memorization
50
The disadvantage of memorization
1. First, unless you also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer.
— You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern.
— You might also present your speech in a rapid "machine-gun" style that fails to emphasize the most important points.
2. Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong.
3. More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going.
50
First, unless you also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer.
The disadvantage of memorization
51
You might also present your speech in a rapid "machine-gun" style that fails to emphasize the most important points.
The disadvantage of memorization
51
You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern.
The disadvantage of memorization
52
Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong.
The disadvantage of memorization
53
More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going.
The disadvantage of memorization
54
The positive outcome of a speech does not depend solely on the ____________________ of the speaker. It is influenced by many factors such as the?(enumerate). Some factors are out of the speaker's control.
The positive outcome of a speech does not depend solely on the oratory skills of the speaker. It is influenced by many factors such as
— the topic of presentation,
— the attitude of the audience, the quality of the material,
— the length of the speech and so on.
Some factors are out of the speaker's control.
54
THE THREE P's OF SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC SPEAKING
a. Preparation
b. Practice
c. Performance
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the outcome of the speech is largely predetermined by?
the weeks of preparation undertaken.
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It is important to consider three key elements in the preparation of speech
* The audience - WHO is the speech written for?
* The purpose - WHAT is the main objective of the speech?
* The direction of the speech - HOW will the speech be
presented?
55
The more you talk in public, the more you train your mind and body to recognize speaking as a familiar and safe situation, the more confident you will feel in the spotlight.
Practice
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allows you to discover awkward phrases and tongue-twisters that are hard to notice when you first write your speech.
Practice
56
When getting ready for your speech, become a?
long-term optimist and a short-term pessimist.
56
It reduces nervousness and helps transform anxiety into excitement on the day of the presentation.
Practice
56
this could be beneficial when you want to "polish" your body language and gestures for the presentation.
Practicing your speech in front of the mirror
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Do the final "dress rehearsal".
Practice
58
Plan your presentation keeping in mind that every micro detail could go wrong and finding effective solutions to either prevent or solve it.
Performance
58
OVERCOMING FEAR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING (enumerate)
a. Deep breathing
b. Shifting focus outwards
c. Visualizing
d. Focusing on facts, not fears
e. Building your speech on clarity, not complexity
f. Posture
g. Body Placement
h. Arms
i. Facial expression
j. Tone of Voice
k. Paralanguage
l. The P o w e r of Pause
58
Believe in your heart that your presentation will go wonderfully and that audience will love it, but prepare yourself for little slips, unexpected technical troubles, and other problems that may arise on the day of your performance
Performance
59
ccording to national surveys and research results, this ranks among the top dreads, surpassing the fear of heights, fear of spiders and even fear of death itself.
fear of public speaking (or glossophobia)
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fear of public speaking aka?
glossophobia
60
It is much easierto build a business or to advance in your career when you are able to? speak with confidence and authenticity to any size group
speak with confidence and authenticity to any size group
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hould not turn into an obstacle to your professional and personal growth.
fear of public speaking (or glossophobia)
61
Such strong emotions as anxiety and fear trigger in your body very specific "fight or flight" response: your muscles tighten, your heart rate increases, your blood pressure goes up and your breathing becomes shallow. While this physical reaction may be helpful in escaping danger it is hardly helpful during the presentation (as you can neither run away from your audience, nor fight with it). However, since your breathing rate is directly connected to your emotional reaction, the fastest and easiest way to take your emotions under control and regain confidence is through deep breathing. Whether you are to talk to potential clients or make a presentation to your team, make sure that you remember to breathe deeply and evenly before and during your speech.
Deep breathing
61
Many people perform worse than they could because they focus too much on their physical symptoms (i.e., butterflies, shaky hands, sweaty palms) and on their embarrassment instead of concentrating on their breathing and their speech. This problem could be easily avoided by shifting focus from how we feel or look to the message we want to share with our audience.
Shifting focus outwards
62
Visualization or mental rehearsal has been routinely used by many top athletes as a part of the training for a competition. In addition to athletics, research has shown that visualization helps to improve performance in such areas as communication, public speaking, and education.
Visualizing
63
To ensure that your presentation goes smoothly, aside from actual preparation and therehearsal of your speech, take 10- 15 minutes a day to relax, close your eyes and visualize the room you are speaking in, the people in the auditorium and you confidently delivering your speech, smiling, and moving across the stage.
Visualizing
64
Instead of focusing on irrational fears (e.g., mind going blank, audience getting bored) concentrate your thoughts on positive facts such as: "I have practiced my speech many times", "I am an expert on this topic", "I have notes with major bullet points to keep the structure of my talk". Focusing on positive facts and on what you can offer takes your thoughts away from irrational scenarios about what can go wrong.
Focusing on facts, not fears
65
While it is often tempting to include as much useful information in your speech as possible, practice shows that this might not be a good idea. Organizing the speech or presentation around two three main points, allows you to relax and not worry so much about running out of time or forgetting to mention something important to the listeners.
Building your speech on clarity, not complexity
66
Slouching shoulders and tensed muscles and abrupt, anxious movements might not be so obvious to the speaker, but this nervousness, tension and lack of conviction are quickly transmitted to the audience. If you want your listeners to feel comfortable and interested by your speech, make sure that you keep a relaxed and upright posture. Do not lean or grip the lectern as if your life depends on it and avoid shifting your weight from one foot to another as it can become distracting.
Posture
67
Often, new speakers trap themselves behind a podium, using it as a 'psychological' barricade between themselves and their audience. Needless to say, doing this does not help to establish a connection with the audience or keep them interested in the message. Even if you usually speak from behind a lectern it is a good idea to step away occasionally. Movement in the direction of your listeners is a sign of trust and openness. Movement is also a great way to make a clear transition from one point to another, allowing a speaker to quickly regain the listeners' attention.
Body Placement
68
While on stage, be careful of using hand gestures that reveal anxiety such as clenching your hands together, clutching notes, fiddling with your clothing, or hiding your hands in your pockets. Even ifyou feel nervous, practice speaking with your arms relaxed at your sides as it helps to convey your calm attitude, sincerity and openness.
Arms
69
When it comes to establishing a connection with your audience and winning their admiration there is nothing more effective than a genuine smile. As a speaker, you should be the first one to demonstrate your sympathy and interest in your audience and the best way to do it is by smiling and looking at your listeners as you talk.
Facial expression
70
A speaker's confidence, emotional state and attitude is often revealed in the tone of voice. In the area of public speaking your voice becomes a powerful instrument that allows you to engage, charm and encourage your audience to listen.
Tone of Voice
71
The study dedicated to the vocal part of non-verbal communication is called paralinguistics, while the term "paralanguage" refers to the non-verbal elements of c o m m u n i c a t i o n as:
* pace (speed)
* pitch (highness or lowness of voice)
* volume (loudness)
* enunciation of vocal speech.
Paralanguage
72
"The right word may be effective, but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause." - Mark Twain
Often when people feel nervous or excited, they tend to rush through their delivery, hoping to get the presentation over as quickly as possible.
As you can probably guess, talking at a fast pace makes it challenging for the listeners to mentally keep up with the speaker and follow the speaker's train of thought. While some of the message might get through, most will not, as people will quickly lose interest in the presentation.
The P o w e r of Pause
