listening, writing, technical writing Flashcards
1
Q
is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process. It is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
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LISTENING
2
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It is an __________________ by which we make sense of, assess, and respond to what we hear.
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active process
LISTENING
3
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It requires concentration, which is the focusing of your thoughts upon one particular topic.
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LISTENING
4
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A person who receives and understands information or an instruction, and then chooses not to comply with it or not to agree to it; one is hearing what others are saying, and another is trying to understand what it means.
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Listening vs Hearing
5
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Listening vs Hearing (enumerate the qualities)
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Hearing
- refers to the sounds that enter your ears. It is a physical process that provided you that you do not have any hearing problems.
- It happens automatically or naturally.
- It is passive.
- It is more of physiological.
Listening
- is done by choice. It is interpretative action taken by someone in order to understand and potentially make meaning of something they hear.
- It is a physical and mental process; active; learned process; a skill
- It is more of psychological.
6
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TYPES OF LISTENING
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- Appreciative Listening
- Emphatic Listening
- Comprehensive/Active Listening
- Critical/ Analytical Listening
7
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listening for pleasure and enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.
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Appreciative Listening
8
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describes how well speakers choose and use words, use humor, ask questions, tell stories, and argue persuasively.
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Appreciative Listening
9
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listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend.
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Emphatic Listening
10
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focuses on understanding and identifying with a person’s situation, feelings, or motives.
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Emphatic Listening
11
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there is an attempt to understand what the other person is feeling.
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Emphatic Listening
12
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listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend’s house.
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Comprehensive/Active Listening
13
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ocuses on accurately understanding the meaning of the speaker’s words while simultaneously interpreting non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, and vocal quality.
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Comprehensive/Active Listening
14
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it is a particular communication technique that requires the listener to provide feedback on what he or she hears to the speaker.
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Comprehensive/Active Listening
15
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Three (3) Main Degrees of Comprehensive or Active Listening
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- Repeating
- Paraphrasing
- Reflecting
16
Q
requires perceiving, paying attention, and remembering.
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Repeating
17
Q
repeating the messages involves using exactly the same words used by the speaker.
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Repeating
18
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requires thinking and reasoning. It involves rendering the message using similar phrase arrangement to the ones used by the speaker.
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Paraphrasing
19
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involves rendering the message using your own words and sentence structure.
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Reflecting
20
Q
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a used-car dealer or the campaign speech of a political c a n d i d a t e
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Critical/ Analytical Listening
21
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focuses on evaluating whether a message is logical and reasonable
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Critical/ Analytical Listening
22
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asks you to make judgements based on your evaluation of the speaker’s arguments
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Critical/ Analytical Listening
23
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challenges the speaker’s message by evaluating its accuracy and meaningfulness, and utility
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Critical/ Analytical Listening
24
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listening that uses critical thinking skills
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Critical/ Analytical Listening
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the intellectually disciplines process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a guide to belief and action.
Critical thinking Skills
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It is the process by which people qualitatively and quantitatively assess the information they have accumulated, and how they in turn use that information to solve problems and forge new pattern of understanding.
Critical thinking Skills
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include observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and metacognition.
Critical thinking skills
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Critical thinkers are those who are able to do the following: (enumerate)
1. Recognize problems and find workable solutions to those problems.
2. Understand the importance of prioritization in the hierarchy of problem-solving tasks.
3. Gather relevant information.
4. Read between the lines by recognizing what is not said or stated.
5. Use language clearly, efficiently, and with efficacy.
6. Interpret data and form conclusions based on that data.
7. Determine the presence of lack of logical relationships.
8. Make sound conclusions and/or generalizations based on given data.
9. Test conclusions and generalizations.
10. Reconstruct one's patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience.
11. Render accurate judgments about specific things and qualities in everyday life.
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Process of Listening
1. Receiving (Hearing)
2. Understanding (Learning)
3. Remembering (Recalling)
4. Evaluating (Judging)
5. Responding (Answering)
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it refers to the response caused by sound waves stimulating the sensory receptors of the ear.
Receiving (Hearing)
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it is the stage at which you learn what the speaker means - the thoughts and emotional tone.
Understanding (Learning)
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this is retaining messages for at least some period of time.
Remembering (Recalling)
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What you remember is actually not what was said but what you think was said.
Remembering (Recalling)
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It consists of judging the messages in some way.
Evaluating (Judging)
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At times, you may try to evaluate the speaker's underlying intentions or motives.
Evaluating (Judging)
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Effective listeners should deliberately reduce the influence of their own viewpoint until they have first understood the speaker's ideas
Evaluating (Judging)
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There two distinctions involve in listening learning process and these are?
1. Intensive Listening
2. Extensive Listening
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in which learners attempt to listen with maximum accuracy to a relatively brief sequence of speech.
Intensive Listening
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more effective in terms of developing specific aspects of listening ability.
Intensive Listening
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in which learners listen to lengthy passages for general comprehension.
Extensive Listening
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more effective in building fluency and maintaining learner motivation.
Extensive Listening
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is a medium of human communication that involves the representation of a language with symbols. It is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation, and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
WRITING
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A composition of writer's thinking starts with letters, creating a word, to a group of words, turning it to a sentence, and later on, composing a paragraph.
WRITING
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The Basic Rules of Writing: (enumerate)
* The first letter of the sentence should be capitalized, same goes with the proper nouns.
* Used proper punctuation marks.
* Observe proper grammar and spelling.
* The first line of the sentence should be indented.
* Do not use point or bullet format in an essay.
* The basic rule of thumb with paragraphing is to keep one idea to one paragraph.
* If you begin to transition into a new idea, it belongs in a new paragraph.
* Do not use word contractions in Academic and Formal Business writing.
* Avoid using Passive Voice instead use Active Voice sentences.
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A paragraph develops one main idea, which is usually stated in a sentence called?
the topic sentence.
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Every other sentence, every fact, example and detail, should support?
the topic sentence.
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A good topic sentence captures the general idea of the paragraph better than any other sentence
the topic sentence.
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The topic sentence states the?
main idea of the paragraph.
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is usually found at the beginning of a paragraph, where it gives a preview of and direction to the sentences that come after it, as in the following example. Notice that all of the other sentences in the paragraph support the main idea with facts.
topic sentence
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contains the supporting details that explain and expand on your central idea, and it also support material answers the questions about your topic sentence you can expect from readers: says who? What proof do you have to support your claim? Can you give examples?
BODY
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signals readers that the discussion of the central idea stated in your topic sentence is ending.
concluding statement
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It usually ties the paragraph together by summarizing, interpreting, or judging the facts.
concluding statement
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If the paragraph is part of a longer report, your conclusion can also prepare readers for a subsequent paragraph.
concluding statement
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a structure should serve most of your paragraph needs in report writing
introduction-body-conclusion structure
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Begin each support paragraph with?
with a solid topic sentence and you will on target.
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ELEMENTS OF PARAGRAPH (enumerate)
1. UNITY
2. COHERENCE
3. EMPHASIS
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all of the sentences stick to the main idea presented in the topic sentence.
UNITY
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A paragraph has this if all of its sentences relate closely to the topic sentence.
UNITY
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when all its parts work toward the same end- when every word, phrase, and sentence explain, illustrates and clarifies the central idea expressed in the topic sentence.
A paragraph is unified when (UNITY)
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is destroyed when you drift away from your stated purpose by adding irrelevant details
Paragraph unity
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supporting information is arranged in a logical order and linked with transitions, repetition of main words and in some paragraphs, with concluding sentence.
COHERENCE
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when it hangs together and flows smoothly in a clear direction - when all sentences are logically connected like links in a chain, leading toward a definite conclusion.
COHERENCE
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When ___________________________ is presented in a clear, logical order, the reader can sense where the paragraph is going
supporting information
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The supporting information in a paragraph should be presented in a?
logical order.
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Five orders are most frequently used to achieve a logical flow of ideas/ORGANIZATION OF PARAGRAPHS (enumerate)
1. Chronological (Time)
2. Spatial (Space)
3. Order of Importance
4. Comparison and Contrast
5. Developmental
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Gives a sequence of events; tells what happened first, second, third and so on
Chronological (Time)
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Arranges details from nearest to farthest, top to bottom, left to right, and so on
Spatial (Space)
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Ranks information from least important to most important or vice versa
Order of Importance
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Presents similarities and differences between items
Comparison and Contrast
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Arranges information from one point in the topic sentence to another.
Developmental
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When a topic sentence calls for the description of an action, the recounting of an incident, or the explanation of a process, the most effective order is usually chronological order.
chronological order.
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you would present supporting information in a time sequence, usually from first to last.
chronological order.
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ways to damage paragraph coherence
1. One way to damage paragraph coherence is to use too many short, choppy sentences.
Two other ways to damage coherence are:
2. to place sentences in the wrong order and
3. to use insufficient transitions and other connectors to link related ideas.
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simply means that you decide on which idea to discuss first, which is the second, and so on.
Following a logical sequence within a paragraph
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The sequence you select for any paragraph will depend on?
your subject, purpose, and reader's needs.
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Once you have identified your reader and purpose, and gathered your supporting details, you will have to arrange these details in a way that?
makes the most sense.
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begins at one location and ends at another.
A spatial order of development (Spatial sequence)
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This order is most useful in a paragraph that describes a physical or geographical item or a mechanism.
A spatial order of development (Spatial sequence)
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Simply describe the parts in the order in which readers would actually view the: left or right, inside to outside, etc. the writer has chosen spatial order that proceeds from the needle's base (hub) to its point:
A spatial order of development (Spatial sequence)
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A paragraph describing a series of events or giving instructions is most effective when its details are arranged according to a strict time sequence: first step, second step etc.
Chronological sequence
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Often a topic sentence can best be supported by specific examples, usually arranged for greater emphasis.
Example sequence
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A paragraph that first identifies a problem and then discusses its causes is typically found in problem- solving reports.
Effect -to - Cause Sequence
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the topic sentence identifies the cause (s) and the reminder of the paragraph discusses its effects.
Cause- to - Effect Sequence
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For adequate definition, a term may require a full paragraph.
Definition Sequence
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A paragraph that provides detailed reasons to support a specific viewpoint or recommendation is often used in job-related writing. For emphasis, the reasons usually are arranged in decreasing or increasing order of importance.
Reasons Sequence
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A paragraph discussing the similarities or differences (or both) between two or more items often used in job-related writing.
Comparison / Contrast Sequence
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sequence (enumeraate)
1. Spatial sequence
2. Chronological sequence
3. Example sequence
4. Effect -to - Cause Sequence
5. Cause- to - Effect Sequence
6. Definition Sequence
7. Reasons Sequence
8. Comparison / Contrast Sequence
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is the principle of the paragraph composition in which the important ideas are madetostand
EMPHASIS
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it is very important that the main points of the writer should be evident inside the paragraph.
EMPHASIS
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the idea should be made to stand from the rest of the elements inside the paragraph.
EMPHASIS
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in establishing emphasis, the main idea of what the author or the writer wants to say should show to have more importance
EMPHASIS
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means changing the wording of a text without deviating from the meaning of the original source.
PARAPHRASING
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It is an attempt to restate valuable information using your own words maintaining the true meaning of the content source.
PARAPHRASING
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Your effective paraphrasing skills shows your ability to understand the meaning of the source material and prevents you from committing plagiarism.
PARAPHRASING
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is an act of stealing and passing off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own or to commit literary theft. (Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary)
Plagiarism
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Paraphrasing Techniques: (enumerate)
1. Using Synonyms or word substitutes
a. Use Thesaurus to find the appropriate synonym
b. Use definitions
c. Change word forms
d. Change words to phrases, phrases to clauses
2. Restructuring the sentence
a. b. Change quotation from direct to indirect
Change voice of the sentence
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Characteristics of Technical Writing
a. Technical writing treats of subject matter related to science and technology and, lately has involved other disciplines such as economics, medicine, psychology, agriculture, radiology, business administration, and others.
b. Technical writing is characterized by certain elements such as its scientific and technical vocabulary, its use of graphic or visual aids and its use of conventional report forms.
c. Technical writing observes impartiality and objectivity, shows extreme care to convey information accurately and concisely and avoids any attempt to arouse emotion.
d.Technical writing uses certain complex writing techniques such as definition, classification,, description of mechanisms, description of processes, exemplification, causal analysis and others.
e. Technical writing has practicality and power.
f. Technical writing used to involve only engineers and architects as its primary audience. Today, however, technical writing begins to attract students from many disciplines.
g. Technical writing courses are worthwhile because they have a high carry-over value beyond the college days.
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Purposes of Technical Writing (enumerate)
Alcantara, et al. (2010)
a. It gives information that leads to the accomplishment of specific tasks and in the making of needed decisions.
b. Technical writing analyses events and their implications like the failure or certain educational, socio-economic, or political systems; or needed social changes, like how to save the dying bodies of water in the country, particularly the Pasig River, Laguna Lake, and the Lingayen Gulf.
c. Technical writing persuades and influences decisions.
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treats of subject matter related to science and technology and, lately has involved other disciplines such as economics, medicine, psychology, agriculture, radiology, business administration, and others.
Technical writing
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Technical writing involves the disciplines?
- science
- technology
- economics,
- medicine,
- psychology,
- agriculture,
- radiology,
- business
- administration, and others.
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Technical writing is characterized by certain elements such as?
- its scientific and technical vocabulary,
- its use of graphic or visual aids and
- its use of conventional report forms.
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Technical writing observes _________________ and __________________, shows extreme care to convey information accurately and concisely and _____________________________
Technical writing observes impartiality and objectivity, shows extreme care to convey information accurately and concisely and avoids any attempt to arouse emotion.
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Technical writing uses certain complex writing techniques such as?
- definition,
- classification,
- description of mechanisms,
- description of processes,
- exemplification,
- causal analysis and others.
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Technical writing has? (2p)
practicality and power.
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Technical writing used to involve only engineers and architects as its primary audience. Today, however, technical writing begins to attract students from?
many disciplines.
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these courses are worthwhile because they have a high carry-over value beyond the college day
Technical writing
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This can be attained by guarding against careless thinking, expressions and calculations .
ACCURACY.
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is conciseness of expression, checking the development of your own ideas and accuracy of expression.
BREVITY
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If you believe in what you are saying is right and wise, write it. Have trust in yourself.
CONFIDENCE.
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Particular attention should be given to diction. Avoid using contractions like won't, shouldn't, can't, don't. Use straightforward expression with summarized, simplified and well- organized information.
DIGNITY.
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Make your report forceful. Stressing the major points and subordinating them.
EMPHASIS.
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Acceptable grammatical practice is important for sensible as well as social reasons.
GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS.
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Report Writing depends more on pacing, sequence, arrangement and connections to achieve smooth flowing, easy to read continuity.
FACILITY.
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Proper documentation must be used. A technical writer must acknowledge his sources.
HONESTY.
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The use of graphic materials is very useful in technical writing.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
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Judicious weighing of evidence is important in a report. The best evidence: is that which is (I) most ample (2) most pertinent (3) most simple (4) most in harmony with the rest of available evidence.
JUDGEMENT.
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The communication of knowledge is one of the chief functions of the report. It is more than a collection of data for it involves interpretations and formulation of conclusions. Without intelligent interpretation, data will remain useless.
KNOWLEDGE.
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The process of showing the relations among groups of things and classes of group is logic. It is a process of classification, putting things in their proper places.
LOGIC.
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Can be achieved if you avoid the use of first person in order to give the impression that the work being reported is a team effort or a company activity.
OBJECTIVITY.
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A report should be neatly typed and well margined so that it will be easier to read. Headings, subheadings and indention are mechanical devices which help to make the organization of the content clear. Your report must then be clean, free from typographical errors and erasures.
MECHANICAL NEATNESS.
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Conformity to standard practices makes report easier to understand.
NORMAL PROCEDURE.
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You need to have a clear idea of where you are going to end before you begin writing.
PLANNING.
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Qualify what you write by describing what factors are constant and what factors are viable as you work.
QUALIFICATION.
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It is the most important phase of technical reporting aside from planning, designing, rough drafting.
REVISION
118
In a good report, each paragraph begins with a straight forward statement of its subject.
STRAIGHT SENTENCES.
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You can be thorough by (1) preparing a checklist or requirements in the planning phase (2) marking off each requirement as it is fulfilled (3) using the checklist again in the revision phase for a final check.
THOROUGHNESS.
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Point of view, e.g., as a reporter, researcher or employee, should maintained consistently throughout the report.
VIEWPOINT.
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A unified report is one in which everything is clearly relevant to main point under discussion.
UNITY.
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Avoid pompous, vague and ornate words. Be precise as you can.
WORD CHOICE.
120
effort brings success.
WORD CHOICE.
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A report is written for an audience and you should think in terms of pacing and timing Thus, your information can be presented in segments appropriate to your reader's knowledge and needs.
YOU-POINT.
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Write only when you have something worth saying and write as though you were performing a service that only you can perform.
ZEST.
