SPD Ballast - Ch 29 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

Question 1

External Load Dominated Buildings (Also known as Skin-load Dominated Buildings)

Answer 1

are those whose energy use is determined mainly by heat loss or gain through the exterior envelope or skin.Types of buildings few occupants per unit area and a small amount of heat gain from lighting, equipment, and people. Examples houses, apartments, condominiums, and warehouse.

Question 2

Internal Load Dominated Buildings

Answer 2

are those whose energy use is driven by high heat gain from occupants, lighting, and equipment. Ex types of buildings office buildings, hospitals, retail stores, schools, and laboratories.

Question 3

GREEN ROOF, also called a vegetated roof cover, garden roof, or eco-roof

Answer 3

is a thin layer of vegetation installed on the top of a roof

Question 4

Extensive Green Roofs

Answer 4

Use soil less than 6in. deep supporting meadow grasses, sedums, herbs, and perennials.

Question 5

Intensive Green Roofs

Answer 5

Use thicker soil and support complex landscapes, including shrubs and small trees along with ponds and fountains.

Question 6

Superinsulation

Answer 6

providing higher levels of insulation than normally used, tightly sealing all joints and cracks, and preventing any thermal bridges between the outside and inside, such as through studs.

Question 7

Transparent Insulation

Answer 7

Used to admit light while providing a high degree of insulation. It consists of a thick layer of polycarbonate honeycomb material, acrylic foam, or fiber-glass sandwiched between layers of glazing.

Question 8

Moveable Insulation

Answer 8

Typically used on windows that provide passive solar heating. The insulation is removed during sunlight hours and replaced at night or during cloudy weather to prevent heat loss. This type of insulation can be manually operated, power operated, or set to work automatically. Types include: roll-down shutters, insulated shades, swinging panels of insulation, and expanded polystyrene beads blown between panes of glass.

Question 9

Air Barrier

Answer 9

part of a building envelope system that controls the movement of air into and out of a building (infiltration and exfiltration).

Question 10

Wind Pressure

Answer 10

puts positive pressure on the side of the building it is hitting and negative pressure at the corners and on the lee side.

Question 11

Stack Pressure

Answer 11

Is caused by a difference in atmospheric pressure at the top and bottom of a building due to temperature differences.

Question 12

Fan Pressure

Answer 12

is caused by the pressure created by the HVAC system.

Question 13

Low-emittance glass (Low-e glass)

Answer 13

This is double glazing with a thin film or coating placed somewhere in the glazing cavity.

Question 14

Spectrally Selective Glazing

Answer 14

Transmits a high proportion of the visible solar spectrum while blocking heat from the infrared portion of the spectrum, up to 80%.

Question 15

Super Windows

Answer 15

are glazing units that combine two low-e coatings with gas-filled cavities between three layers of glass.

Question 16

Switchable Glazings

Answer 16

are chromogenic fenestration products that change their characteristics based on particular environmental conditions or through human intervention.

Question 17

Electrochromic Glazing

Answer 17

consists of a multilayered thin film applied to glass, that changes continuously from dark to clear as low-voltage electrical current is applied.

Question 18

Photochromic Glazing

Answer 18

darkens under the direct action of sunlight, in the same way that some sunglasses do.

Question 19

Thermochromic Glazing

Answer 19

changes darkness in response to temperature.

Question 20

Transition-Metal Hydride Electrochromics

Answer 20

make it possible to have a Glazing material that changes from transparent to reflective.

Question 21

Dynamic Buffer Zone

Answer 21

is when a new outer layer of glazing is built around an existing building.

Question 22

Daylight Factor (DF)

Answer 22

Is the percentage ratio, of the indoor illuminance (at a point on a horizontal surface) to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance. Direct sunlight excluded.

Question 23

Effective Aperture

Answer 23

combines the variables of light transmittance (VLT) and window-to-wall (WWR) ratio.

Question 24

(VLT) Visible Light Transmittance

Answer 24

is the percentage of light that passes through a glazing material.

Question 25

(WWR) Window-to Wall Ratio

Answer 25

is the net glazing area in a room divided by the gross exterior wall area.

Question 26

Light Shelf

Answer 26

horizontal surface placed above eye level that reflects direct daylight onto the ceiling while shading the lower portions of the window and the interior of the room.

Question 27

Light Pipes

Answer 27

are round/square tubes with highly reflective interior coatings that extend from the roof to the space to be lighted.

Question 28

Declination Angle (Declination)

Answer 28

The north-south axis of the earth is titled at an angle of 23.5-degrees relative to the north-south axis of the sun.

Question 29

Passive Solar Energy System

Answer 29

solar energy is collected, stored, and distributed without the use of mechanical equipment.

Question 30

Direct Gain Systems

Answer 30

collect heat through south-facing glass and store the heat in high-mass materials such as concrete floors, masonry walls, tile, stone, or terrazzo.

Question 31

Indirect Gain Systems

Answer 31

are similar to direct gain systems except that the thermal mass is not in direct sunlight.

Question 32

Thermal Storage Wall

Answer 32

is placed directly behind a south facing glass wall and collects solar energy during the day for release at night

Question 33

Trombe Wall

Answer 33

constructed of masonry with vents at the top and bottom to allow thermocirculation

Question 34

Phase Change Materials

Answer 34

are used to prevent over heating and wide swings in temperatures that can occur with concrete, masonry and water. Typically eutectic salts that change from a solid to a liquid at a fairly low temperature, around 70F (21C).

Question 35

Greenhouse Designs

Answer 35

Have large glazed areas on the south side of the building (greenhouse) with a heavy thermal mass wall separating the greenhouse and the remainder of the structure.

Question 36

Roof Ponds

Answer 36

store heat in large water-filled bags on the roof of a building. In winter during the day, the bags heat up.

Question 37

Convective Loop Systems

Answer 37

place the solar collector below the space so that air is circulated by natural convection as the warm air rises and cool air falls back to the collector.

Question 38

Roof Ponds

Answer 38

store heat in large water-filled bags on the roof of a building

Question 39

Convective Loop Systems

Answer 39

Place the solar collector below the space so that air is circulated by natural convection as the warm air rises and cool air falls back to the collector

Question 40

Active Solar Energy Systems

Answer 40

Use pumps, fans, ducts, pipes, and other mechanical equipment to collect, store, and distribute solar energy.

Question 41

Flat-Plate Collector

Answer 41

A network of pipes located on an absorptive black surface with low emissivity below a covering of glass or plastic.

Question 42

Focusing Collector

Answer 42

Parabolic-shaped reflectors that focus the incoming radiation to a single pipe that carries the heat-transfer medium.

Question 43

[GSHP] Ground-Source Heat Pumps

Answer 43

Are electrically powered systems that work by either extracting heat from the ground in winter or giving off excess heat to the ground in summer.

Question 44

Photovoltaics

Answer 44

Direct conversion of sunlight into electricity