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YEAR 2 Perception > Spatial Vision > Flashcards

Spatial Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Define spatial vision

A

The details in an image in terms of lines and elements that make up that 2D image

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2
Q

The details in an image in terms of lines and elements that make up that 2D image

This is known as…?

A

Spatial vision

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3
Q

How do we resolve the detail in an image?

A

Using spatial vision

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4
Q

Describe a receptive field

A

The area on the retina which, when stimulated by light, elicits a change in the firing rate of the cell

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5
Q

A cell’s _____ is the area on the retina which, when stimulated by light, elicits a change in the firing rate of the cell

This is known as…?

A

Receptive field

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6
Q

A cell’s receptive field is the area on the retina which, when stimulated by light, elicits a change in the firing rate of the cell

The effect of the stimulus can be either ___ or ___ on firing rate of that cell

A

Excitatory or Inhibitory

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7
Q

How do we measure a cell’s firing rate?

A

Single cell recording

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8
Q

What happens in single cell recording?

A

A stimulus is shown

An electrode, inserted into a neuron (e.g. V1) measures electrical activity

We then measure the activity of that single neuron overtime

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9
Q

What are the cells located in the V1?

List 3

A
  1. Simple cells
  2. Complex cells
  3. Hypercomplex cells
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10
Q

What are the 6 cells with receptive fields?

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Ganglion cells
  3. LGN cells
  4. Simple cells
  5. Complex cells
  6. Hypercomplex cells
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11
Q

What stimulus do V1 simple cells respond to?

A

Oriented bars and edges

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12
Q

Which bars of light do V1 simples cells respond to the most?

a. Vertical line
b. Tilted vertical line
c. Horizontal lines

A

a. Vertical line

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13
Q

What did Hubel and Wiesel discover about V1 cells in cats?

A

Found oriented bar detectors in V1 of cats using single cell recording

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14
Q

Describe the study on the tilt after-effect

List 3 points

A
  1. Adapt = Ps stared at lines tilted clockwise
  2. Test = They were tested with lines that were physically vertical
  3. Perceived = Ps perceived lines that were tilted slightly in the other direction to the adapting pattern (tilted anti-clockwise)
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15
Q

What is the tilt-after effect?

A

Perceiving lines tilted in the other direction after being tested with vertical lines following staring at lines tilted a certain direction

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16
Q

Perceiving lines tilted in the other direction after being tested with vertical lines following staring at lines tilted a certain direction

This is known as…?

A

The tilt after-effect

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17
Q

What are the 3 components of the tilt after effect?

A
  1. Orientation tuned neurons respond best to preferred orientation but also respond to other similar orientations
  2. Perceived orientation determined by distribution of responses across cells
  3. Adaptation – cell’s response decreases following prolonged
    activity
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18
Q

If a cell is responding really strongly to a particular stimulus and you keep looking at that stimulus, and the cell keeps responding to it, eventually, that cell’s response is going to decrease

This is known as…?

A

Adaptation

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19
Q

Rearrange these components of the tilt after-effect in order

Perceived orientation determined by distribution of responses across cells

Adaptation – cell’s response decreases following prolonged activity

Orientation tuned neurons respond best to preferred
orientation but also respond to other similar orientations

A
  1. Orientation tuned neurons respond best to preferred orientation but also respond to other similar orientations
  2. Perceived orientation determined by distribution of responses across cells
  3. Adaptation – cell’s response decreases following prolonged activity
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20
Q

Before adaptation vertical line looks

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

a. vertical

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21
Q

At the start of adaptation tilted line looks …?

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

c. tilted

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22
Q

During adaptation tilted line looks …?

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

c. tilted

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23
Q

After adaptation vertical line looks …?

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

c. tilted

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24
Q

After adaptation vertical line looks tilted

Why?

A

Because of asymmetrical response distribution

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25
Q

During adaptation tilted line continues to look
tilted, but cells’ responses …?

A

Decrease

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26
Q

What does the size of tilt after-effect depend on?

A

Difference between adapt and test

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27
Q

Size of tilt after-effect depends on difference between adapt and test

What is the effect size if the difference between adapt and test is large?

A

Small after effect, peak shifted slightly

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28
Q

Size of tilt after-effect depends on difference between adapt and test

What is the effect size if the difference between adapt and test is small?

A

Large after effect, peak shifted significantly

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29
Q

Size of tilt after-effect depends on difference between adapt and test

What is the effect size if the difference between adapt and test is zero?

A

There is no after effect

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30
Q

What wave represents the relationship between the difference in orientation between the adapting pattern of the test and the size pattern of the effects

A

Sine wave

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31
Q

As the difference in adapt and test gets bigger, the size of the after effects …?

a. Increases
b. Reduces

A

b. Reduces

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32
Q

As the difference in adapt and test gets bigger, the size of the after effects reduces until adapting pattern after-effects go down to …?

A

0

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33
Q

What evidence does tilt after-effects provide?

A

Evidence for orientation
tuned cells in human
visual system

34
Q

Provides evidence for orientation tuned cells in human visual system

This is known as…?

A

Tilt after-effect

35
Q

Cats and monkeys have cells with ____ receptive fields at each orientation

A

Different sized

36
Q

Cats and monkeys have cells with different sized
receptive fields at …?

A

Each orientation

37
Q

True or False?

Some cells might give their best response to vertical lines that are very fat or very skinny

Some cells might give their best response to horizontal lines that are very fat or very skinny

A

True

38
Q

List the 3 components of size after-effects

A
  1. Adapt
  2. Test
  3. Perceived
39
Q

Before adaptation the size of the stimulus is perceived …?

a. Vertically
b. Horizontally
c. Fatter

A

a. Vertically

40
Q

During adaptation cells’ response …?

a. Stays the same
b. Increases
c. Decreases

A

c. Decreases

41
Q

After adaptation lines look …?

a. Fatter
b. Thinner
c. Shorter
d. Longer

A

b. Thinner

42
Q

After adaptation, why do the lines look thinner?

A

Due to asymmetrical response distribution

43
Q

Provides evidence for orientation-tuned cells in human visual system

This is known as…?

A

Tilt after-effect

44
Q

Provides evidence for size-tuned cells in human visual system

This is known as…?

A

Size after-effect

45
Q

Size after-effect is evidence for …?

A

Size-tuned cells in human visual system

46
Q

What are the fundamental features of parts of the visual scene?

List 2

A
  1. Size
  2. Orientation
47
Q

The brain has cells
tuned to these features

These are known as…?

A
  1. Size
  2. Orientation
48
Q

Define size in terms of visual perception

A

Spatial frequency

49
Q

Define spatial frequency

A

Number of bars per unit
distance (usually cycles per degree)

simply = Number of bars you can fit in a given distance

50
Q

Number of bars per unit
distance (usually cycles per degree)

simply = Number of bars you can fit in a given distance

This is known as…?

A

Spatial frequency

51
Q

Do fat bars have:

a. Low spatial frequency
b. High spatial frequency

A

a. Low spatial frequency

52
Q

Do skinny bars have:

a. Low spatial frequency
b. High spatial frequency

A

b. High spatial frequency

53
Q

High spatial frequency

a. Fat bars
b. Thin bars

A

b. Thin bars

54
Q

Low spatial frequency

a. Fat bars
b. Thin bars

A

a. Fat bars

55
Q

Natural images
contain information
at many …?

A

Spatial frequencies

56
Q

Fine details:

a. Low spatial frequency
b. High spatial frequency

A

b. High spatial frequency

57
Q

Course information:

a. Low spatial frequency
b. High spatial frequency

A

a. Low spatial frequency

58
Q

Low spatial frequency

a. Fine details
b. Course information

A

b. Course information

59
Q

High spatial frequency

a. Fine details
b. Course information

A

a. Fine details

60
Q

Define contrast

A

The difference in the luminance between lighter area and darker area on either side of the boundary

61
Q

The difference in the luminance between lighter area and darker area on either side of the boundary

This is known as…?

A

Contrast

62
Q

Going from black to white

a. High contrast
b. Low contrast

A

a. High contrast

63
Q

Going from dark grey to light grey

a. High contrast
b. Low contrast

A

b. Low contrast

64
Q

We have greater sensitivity to ___ spatial frequencies

a. intermediate
b. high
c. low

A

a. intermediate

65
Q

We have greater sensitivity to intermediate spatial frequencies

What does this mean?

A

We are very sensitive to the middle spatial frequency

We can still see those lines at low contrast

66
Q

We have ___ sensitivity to high and low spatial frequencies

a. Higher
b. Lower

A

b. Lower

67
Q

We have lower sensitivity to high and low spatial frequencies

How can we perceive these frequencies?

A

The frequencies need
higher contrast to be perceived

68
Q

Spatial frequency tells us about the …?

a. Size on the retina
b. Real size in the wolrd

A

a. Size on the retina

69
Q

Why does spatial frequency tell us about size on the retina but not indicate real size in the world?

A

Because the projected size depends on distance

simply = Because size of the retina is dependent on how big the object is in the world but also how far away it is

70
Q

True or False?

Any line on the retina could have been produced by infinite different lines in
the world

simply = Different widths of lines at different differences could’ve produced this exact image on the retina

A

True

71
Q

Size of your thumb get bigger in the retinal image as you move it closer to you, with lower spatial frequency in the retinal image but we don’t perceive it that way

How do we perceive it instead?

A

We perceive it in terms of its size in the world and we know it is just getting closer to us

72
Q

Define size constancy

A

We perceive an object’s real size in the world regardless of distance

73
Q

We perceive an object’s real size in the world regardless of distance

This is known as…?

A

Size constancy

74
Q

Define orientation constancy

A

We perceive an object’s
orientation in the world regardless of the orientation
on the retina

75
Q

We perceive an object’s
orientation in the world regardless of the orientation
on the retina

This is known as…?

A

Orientation constancy

76
Q

We translate retinal properties into …?

A

World properties (and experience them how they are in the world)

77
Q

What are images composed of?

A

Lines and edges of differing
orientation, size and contrast

78
Q

What is the visual image processed by?

A

Neurons tuned to
orientation and spatial
frequency

79
Q

The visual image is processed by neurons

What are these neurons tuned to? List 2 points

A
  1. Orientation
  2. Spatial frequency
80
Q

Demonstrations in humans
rely on ____ techniques such as the tilt after-effect

A

Psychophysical

81
Q

Name 2 common psychophysical techniques to demonstrate how neurons in humans are tuned to orientation and spatial frequency

A
  1. Tilt after-effect
  2. Size after-effect

YEAR 2 Perception (6 decks)

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