Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 2 Perception > Imitation and Mirror Neurons > Flashcards

Imitation and Mirror Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

True or False?

Humans have an extensive
repertoire of body movements - Hands, face, legs, gesture, mouth

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intuitively we know we have
the capacity to ___ and ___ other peoples actions

A

Recognise and imitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

e.g. You might find it more useful to receive a demonstration from a swimming instructor than to receive verbal instruction of how to do the action

What does this suggest about humans?

A

They have the capacity to recognise and imitate other peoples actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can we produce a copy of an action?

A

We can seamlessly map visual representations
of actions onto our motor systems (crossmodal
transfer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

We can seamlessly map visual representations
of actions onto our motor systems (crossmodal
transfer) to produce…?

A

A copy of the action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define perception-action mapping

A

Mapping visual representations of actions onto our motor systems (crossmodal transfer) to produce a copy of the action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mapping visual representations of actions onto our motor systems (crossmodal transfer) to produce a copy of the action

This is known as…?

A

Perception-action mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

e.g. seeing someone smiling would also make you spontaneously smile = triggers the action without you thinking about it

This is an example of…?

A

Perception-action mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who, unlike other species, is particularly good at perception-action mapping and imitating?

A

Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Humans (unlike other species) are very good at imitation, so good some investigators think this ability is …?

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List 2 developmental evidence for perception-action mapping

A
  1. Infants can imitate caregiver’s facial expressions, hand and mouth movements, head turns, etc
  2. Babies must build up a
    representation of the visual
    image of the caregiver’s
    face/mouth and map this onto their own motor representation of the movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Infants can imitate caregiver’s …?

List 3 points

A
  1. Facial expressions
  2. Hand and mouth movements
  3. Head turns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do babies imitate the actions of their caregiver?

A

Babies must build up a
representation of the visual
image of the caregiver’s
face/mouth and map this onto their own motor representation of the movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Babies must build up a
representation of the visual
image of the caregiver’s
face/mouth and map this onto their own motor representation of the movement

This is known as…?

A

Perception-action mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Infants can imitate caregiver’s facial expressions, hand and mouth movements, head turns, etc

This is developmental evidence supporting…?

A

Perception-action mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define crossmodal transfer

A

The experience and knowledge gained through one sensory mode enabling you to perform a similar task using a different sensory mode

e.g. Visual representation of someone smiling is mapped onto our motor systems to produce a copy of the smiling action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The experience and knowledge gained through one sensory mode enabling you to perform a similar task using a different sensory mode

e.g. Visual representation of someone smiling is mapped onto our motor systems to produce a copy of the smiling action

This is known as…?

A

Crossmodal transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Piaget thought the ability of imitation and perception-action mapping occurred no earlier than …?

A

1 year old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did Meltzoff and Moore (1977) find about facial imitation in babies?

List 2 points

A
  1. Babies aged 12 – 21 days
    could imitate certain facial
    expressions
  2. They imitate specific acts (i.e., lip protrusion vs. tongue
    protrusion) not just whole
    body parts even after a delay
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Babies aged _____ could imitate certain facial expressions

A

12 – 21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Babies aged 12 – 21 days
could imitate …?

A

Certain facial expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Babies imitate specific acts
such as…?

A

Lip protrusion vs. tongue
protrusion (sticking tongue out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or False?

Babies only imitate whole body parts, even after a delay

A

Babies imitate specific acts, not just whole body parts, even after a delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the main critique of Meltzoff and Moore’s (1977) study on imitation in babies?

A

There was not much choice of behaviour for the babies to make upon observing the model’s behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 4 evidence against neonate imitation (imitation may not be as clear cut as we thought) proposed by Oostenbroek et al. (2016)?

A
  1. Longitudinal study - 1, 3, 6,
    and 9 weeks
  2. Large number of alternative control model behaviours
  • Matching to the model’s actions was better than chance compared to some control behaviours but not others
  1. Behaviour matching model more likely compared to some but not other control behaviours
  2. Tongue protrusion may be
    elicited by observing faces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does true imitation emerge, according to Oostenbroek et al. (2016)?

A

6-9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When does true imitation emerge, according to Piaget?

A

6-9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True imitation may emerge
later (6-9 months) as
proposed by Piaget

What does this suggest about imitation in babies?

A

Seeing a face makes the baby want to stick their tongue out, which leads to learning, but it can’t yet be described as accurate/true imitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does Active Intermodal Matching (AIM) suggest about imitation in babies?

A

Suggests that newborns/neonates recognise equivalences between body transformations they see and those of their own body that they ‘feel’ themselves make and learn to match them together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Suggests that newborns/neonates recognise equivalences between body transformations they see and those of their own body that they ‘feel’ themselves make and learn to match them together

Baby’s emotional expressions induce adults to produce similar expressions, which provides the infant with a visual input to match his motor output

This is known as…?

A

Active Intermodal Matching
(AIM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define Active Intermodal Matching (AIM)

A
  1. Neonates recognise equivalences between body transformations they see and those of their own body that they ‘feel’ themselves make and learn to match them together
  2. Baby’s emotional expressions induce adults to produce similar expressions, which provides the infant with a visual input to match his motor output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

List the 6 steps to Active Intermodal Matching
(AIM)

A
  1. Visual Perception of Target Adult Facial Acts

e.g. they see the adult sticking their tongue out

  1. Supramodal Representation of Acts
  2. Equivalence Detector
  3. Infant Motor Acts

e.g. they make the same action themselves

  1. Proprioceptive Information

e.g. they get a proprioceptive info, feeling from the muscles

  1. Equivalence Detector 2

e.g. they learn to match with the visual image of someone doing the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Arrange the steps to Active Intermodal Matching (AIM) in the correct order

Infant Motor Acts

Supramodal Representation of Acts

Equivalence Detector 2

Proprioceptive Information

Equivalence Detector

Visual Perception of Target Adult Facial Acts

A
  1. Visual Perception of Target Adult Facial Acts
  2. Supramodal Representation of Acts
  3. Equivalence Detector
  4. Infant Motor Acts
  5. Proprioceptive Information
  6. Equivalence Detector 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What 2 things does Active Intermodal Matching
(AIM) involve?

A
  1. Perception and action having independent
    coding/representation
  2. A “specialist” module for imitation

simply = imitation is innate and we are born with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do specialists believe about imitation?

A

Imitation is innate and we are born with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do generalists believe about imitation?

A

We learn lots of rules in terms of combining different sensory and motor outputs, not just for imitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do other imitation theories, such as Ideomotor (IM) and Associative Sequence Learning (ASL) involve?

List 2 points

A
  1. Common coding for perception and action
  2. Imitation part of “generalist” processes for
    motor control and learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Involves:

A “specialist” module for imitation

a. Associative Sequence Learning (ASL)

b. Active Intermodal Matching (AIM)

c. Ideomotor (IM)

A

b. Active Intermodal Matching (AIM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Involves:

Common coding for perception and action

a. Associative Sequence Learning (ASL)

b. Active Intermodal Matching (AIM)

c. Ideomotor (IM)

A

a. Associative Sequence Learning (ASL)

c. Ideomotor (IM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Involves:

Imitation is part of “generalist” processes for
motor control and learning

a. Associative Sequence Learning (ASL)

b. Active Intermodal Matching (AIM)

c. Ideomotor (IM)

A

a. Associative Sequence Learning (ASL)

c. Ideomotor (IM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Involves:

Perception and action having independent
coding/representation

a. Associative Sequence Learning (ASL)

b. Active Intermodal Matching (AIM)

c. Ideomotor (IM)

A

b. Active Intermodal Matching (AIM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Describe the Ideomotor (IM) theory of imitation

List 4 points

A
  1. Ps are presented with a stimulus (e.g. a finger moving)
  2. Ps experience sensory (visual) representation of the action
  3. This leads to a motor representation
  4. Motor representation is then turned into a motor program, where commands go out towards the muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Arrange the stages of Ideomotor (IM) theory of imitation in order

This leads to a motor representation

Ps experience sensory (visual) representation of the action

Motor representation is then turned into a motor program, where commands go out towards the muscles

Ps are presented with a stimulus (e.g. a finger moving)

A
  1. Ps are presented with a stimulus (e.g. a finger moving)
  2. Ps experience sensory (visual) representation of the action
  3. This leads to a motor representation
  4. Motor representation is then turned into a motor program, where commands go out towards the muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe the Associative Sequence Learning (ASL) theory of imitation

A

Emphasises learning through experience

e.g. see consequence of own hand action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

If you see an action that doesn’t match what you are trying to do, it can slow you down

e.g. if you see someone frowning, it is more difficult for you to smile because you are primed to imitate their action

This is known as…?

A

Associative Sequence Learning (ASL) theory of imitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Emphasises learning through experience

e.g. see consequence of own hand action

This is known as…?

A

Associative Sequence Learning (ASL) theory of imitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 5 steps to the dual route model of imitation?

A
  1. Input action
  2. Visual analysis

If you see an action that has a particular meaning to you, you might already have your own way of performing that action (semantic, drawing from LTM)

If you see a gesture you have not done before or if it is a meaningless action, you might pay very close attention to exactly how others perform that action to copy them exactly (directory/visuomotor)

  1. Long-term semantic memory
  2. ST/WM
  3. Output action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, what is the semantic route?

A

Meaningful actions,
stored in repetoire (LTM)

simply = If you see an action that has a particular meaning to you, you might already have your own way of performing that action

49
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, what is the visuomotor/direct route?

A

Meaningless actions –
mirror neurones

simply = If you see a gesture you have not done before or if it is a meaningless action, you might pay very close attention to exactly how others perform that action to copy them exactly

50
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, which route involves meaningful actions?

a. Semantic
b. Visuomotor/direct

A

a. Semantic

51
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, which route involves meaningless actions?

a. Semantic
b. Visuomotor/direct

A

b. Visuomotor/direct

52
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, which route involves information stored in repetoire/LTM?

a. Semantic
b. Visuomotor/direct

A

a. Semantic

53
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, which route involves mirror neurones?

a. Semantic
b. Visuomotor/direct

A

b. Visuomotor/direct

54
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, which route does this apply to?

If you see an action that has a particular meaning to you, you might already have your own way of performing that action

a. Semantic
b. Visuomotor/direct

A

a. Semantic

55
Q

According to the dual route model of imitation, which route does this apply to?

If you see a gesture you have not done before or if it is a meaningless action, you might pay very close attention to exactly how others perform that action to copy them exactly

a. Semantic
b. Visuomotor/direct

A

b. Visuomotor/direct

56
Q

What are mirror neurones?

A

Neurones that respond to actions that we observe in others

57
Q

Neurones that respond to actions that we observe in others

This is known as…?

A

Mirror neurones

58
Q

Which of these statements about mirror neurones is true?

a. Same neurones were found to be active when the
monkey watched an action but not when performing it

b. Same neurones were found to be active when the
monkey performed an action but not when watching it

c. Different neurones were found to be active when the
monkey performed and watched an action

d. Same neurones were found to be active when the
monkey performed and watched an action

A

d. Same neurones were found to be active when the
monkey performed and watched an action

59
Q

What are the general properties of mirror neurones?

List 2 points

A
  1. They are bimodal, visuo-motor neurons (i.e., respond
    to both visual and
    motor stimuli)
  2. They are discharged when
    the individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by another individual
60
Q

What is a bimodal, visuo-motor neuron?

A

A neuron that responds to both visual and motor stimuli

61
Q

An individual neuron that is excited by seeing and performing the action

This is known as…?

A

Mirror neuron

62
Q

What are the findings that support the existence of mirror neurones in understanding actions?

List 2

A
  1. Umiltà et al. (2001): Mirror
    neurons are active during
    observation of partially hidden actions (predicts action outcome even in absence of complete visual information)
  2. Kohler et al. (2002): Audio-
    visual mirror neurons respond to the sound typically produced by the action

Neurones began firing as soon as they heard the sound of peanuts being snapped, even though the monkey couldn’t see the peanut physically

63
Q

True or False?

Mirror neurons are not active during observation of partially hidden actions

A

False

Mirror neurons are active during observation of partially hidden actions

64
Q

Mirror neurons are active during observation of partially hidden actions

What does this mean?

A

Mirror neurons are able to predict the action outcome even in absence of complete visual information

65
Q

_____ are able to predict the action outcome even in absence of complete visual information

A

Mirror neurones

66
Q

Audio-visual mirror neurons respond to the sound typically produced by the action

Describe the study on this by Kohler et al. (2002)

List 3 points

A
  1. Monkeys were presented with visual representation (view of the peanut) and/or audio representation (sound of peanut breaking
  2. Their audio-visual mirror neuron activities were recorded when the monkey receives visual only, audio only, both visual and audio representations
  3. Neuron is excited the most when both audio and visual representations were presented at the same time
67
Q
  1. Monkeys were presented with visual representation (view of the peanut) and/or audio representation (sound of peanut breaking
  2. Their audio-visual mirror neuron activities were recorded when the monkey receives visual only, audio only, both visual and audio representations
  3. Neuron is excited the most when both audio and visual representations were presented at the same time

What does this evidence support?

A

Audio- visual mirror neurons respond to the sound typically produced by the action

68
Q

If the food was behind a screen and the monkey would see the experimenter reaching out for it, they would know there was a piece of food behind there

Mirror neurones were excited even just by observing partly hidden object

What does this suggest?

A

Mirror neurones predicts action outcome even in absence of complete visual information

Suggests a higher level of representation of the action

69
Q

Which area in the brain are motor neurones found in monkeys?

List 2 points

A
  1. Area F5 of the premotor cortex
  2. Inferior parietal lobe
70
Q

Which area in the brain are motor neurones found in humans?

List 4 points

A
  1. Human homologue in
    Broca’s area (BA44)
  2. Ventral inferior frontal
    gyrus (BA6)
  3. Posterior parietal lobe
  4. Superior temporal lobe
71
Q

Area important for language in the brain

A

Human homologue in Broca’s area (BA44)

72
Q

Mirror neurones in the brain are somatotopically
organised

What does this mean?

A

They are mapped out according to the different body parts

73
Q

In monkeys, area F5 of the premotor cortex contains 3 types of neurons

What are they?

A
  1. Mirror neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Canonical visuomotor neurons
74
Q

Action observation-related visuomotor neurons

a. Canonical visuomotor neurons
b. Mirror neurons
c. Motor neurons

A

b. Mirror neurons

75
Q

Object observation-related
neurons

a. Canonical visuomotor neurons
b. Mirror neurons
c. Motor neurons

A

a. Canonical visuomotor neurons

76
Q

Neurons only concerned with the monkey making its own movements

a. Canonical visuomotor neurons
b. Mirror neurons
c. Motor neurons

A

c. Motor neurons

77
Q
  1. Mirror neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Canonical visuomotor neurons

Where are these neurons found in monkeys?

A

Area F5 of the premotor cortex

78
Q

What are the 4 types of indirect evidence of Human Mirror Neurones?

A
  1. Close link between perception and action
  2. Behavioural
  3. Brain Imaging (fMRI)
  4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
79
Q

What can be used as direct evidence of Human Mirror Neurones?

A

Recording from neurones

80
Q

Is this direct or indirect evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

Behavioural

a. Indirect evidence
b. Direct evidence

A

a. Indirect evidence

81
Q

Is this direct or indirect evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

Brain Imaging (fMRI)

a. Indirect evidence
b. Direct evidence

A

a. Indirect evidence

82
Q

Is this direct or indirect evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

Recording from neurones

a. Indirect evidence
b. Direct evidence

A

b. Direct evidence

83
Q

Is this direct or indirect evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

Close link between perception and action

a. Indirect evidence
b. Direct evidence

A

a. Indirect evidence

84
Q

Is this direct or indirect evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

a. Indirect evidence
b. Direct evidence

A

a. Indirect evidence

85
Q

What is the behavioural evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

A

Faster responses when there is compatibility between
observed and executed movements (Brass et al,
2000, 2001)

This is known as ‘automatic imitation’ – lab analogue of
mimicry

Simply = Even though we are not trying to copy, we have an automatic tendency to imitate

86
Q

Describe the study presenting behavioural evidence for Human Mirror Neurones

List 2 points

A
  1. Ps observed upward movement of a finger
  2. When asked to lift up their own finger, they were faster to lift the finger up and slower to press their finger down
87
Q
  1. Ps observed upward movement of a finger
  2. When asked to lift up their own finger, they were faster to lift the finger up and slower to press their finger down

What does this phenomenon demonstrate?

A

Automatic imitation

simply = Even though we are not trying to copy, we have an automatic tendency to imitate

88
Q

Faster responses when compatibility between
observed and executed movements (automatic imitation)

What evidence of Human Mirror neurones does this finding apply to?

a. Close link between perception and action

b. Behavioural

c. Brain Imaging (fMRI)

d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

b. Behavioural

89
Q

What is the brain imaging (fMRI) evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

List 2 points

A
  1. Somatotopic activation of pre-motor and parietal cortex
  2. Areas correspond to
    observations of actions of
    different body parts
90
Q

Why is brain imaging (fMRI) an indirect evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

A

Motor planning area is activated by seeing someone else moving but it does not necessarily show it’s the identical neurone that are responding to the actions (indirect evidence)

91
Q

Somatotopic activation of pre-motor and parietal cortex. Areas correspond to
observations of actions of
different body parts

What evidence of Human Mirror neurones does this finding apply to?

a. Close link between perception and action

b. Behavioural

c. Brain Imaging (fMRI)

d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

c. Brain Imaging (fMRI)

92
Q

What is the link/overlap between perception and action evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

List 3 points

A
  1. Motor imagery – imagined movement without action
  2. Overlap in brain activity between imagined, observed
    and executed movements
  3. Meta-analysis across studies
93
Q

Motor imagery – imagined movement without action

What evidence of Human Mirror neurones does this finding apply to?

a. Close link between perception and action

b. Behavioural

c. Brain Imaging (fMRI)

d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

a. Close link between perception and action

94
Q

Overlap in brain activity between imagined, observed and executed movements

What evidence of Human Mirror neurones does this finding apply to?

a. Close link between perception and action

b. Behavioural

c. Brain Imaging (fMRI)

d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

a. Close link between perception and action

95
Q

What is motor imagery?

A

Imagining movement
without action

96
Q

True or False?

There is no overlap in brain
activity between imagined, observed and executed
movements

A

False

There is overlap in brain
activity between imagined, observed and executed movements

97
Q

What is the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

A

Use motor evoked potentials to show that observing an
action produces increased motor excitability

Simply = The person’s own motor system was responding when they saw someone else moving

98
Q

Use motor evoked potentials to show that observing an action produces increased motor excitability

Simply = The person’s own motor system was responding when they saw someone else moving

What evidence of Human Mirror neurones does this finding apply to?

a. Close link between perception and action

b. Behavioural

c. Brain Imaging (fMRI)

d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

99
Q

Why is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) not a direct evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

A

It is not a recording from identical neurons during observation and execution of actions

100
Q

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

A

Stimulate surface of the brain using a magnetic coil

101
Q

What is the direct recording evidence for Human Mirror Neurones?

List 3 points

A
  1. Recorded from 1177 neurons in 21 patients undergoing surgery for intractable epilepsy
  2. They observed and executed grasping actions and facial gestures
  3. Action observation-related (‘mirror’) neurons found in medial frontal lobe (supplementary motor area; SMA) and medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)
102
Q

Based on direct recording, where are mirror neurons found in the brain?

List 2 areas

A
  1. Medial frontal lobe (supplementary motor area; SMA)
  2. Medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)
103
Q

Action observation-related (‘mirror’) neurons found in medial frontal lobe (supplementary motor area; SMA) and medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)

What evidence of Human Mirror neurones does this finding apply to?

a. Close link between perception and action

b. Direct recording

c. Brain Imaging (fMRI)

d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

b. Direct recording

104
Q

When do Human Mirror Neurones respond with excitation?

A

It varies

Some cells respond with excitation during action execution, some during action observation, and others respond with inhibition

105
Q

What are some similarities across humans, monkeys and dog in terms of mirror neurons?

A

Same areas in the brain are activated to movements common to all three species i.e., biting

106
Q

What are some similarities across humans and monkeys but not dog in terms of mirror neurons?

A

Speech and lip-smacking actions activate the same area in human and monkey brains but dog barking does not

107
Q

True or False?

Same areas in the brain are activated to movements common to only humans and monkeys i.e., biting

A

False

Same areas in the brain are activated to movements common to humans, monkeys and dogs i.e., biting

108
Q

____ and ____ actions activate the same area in human and monkey brains but dog barking does not

A

Speech and lip-smacking

109
Q

True or False?

Speech and lip-smacking actions activate the same area in human, monkey and dogs

A

False

Speech and lip-smacking actions activate the same area in human and monkey brains but dog barking does not

110
Q

What are species-specific actions in humans?

List 2

A
  1. Action does not need to be goal-directed or contain an object
  2. Meaningless movements are represented
111
Q

What are species-specific actions in monkeys?

List 3

A
  1. Action must be goal-directed (often involve actual object)
  2. They cannot learn novel and complex acts (involve BA46 not present in monkey) – THEY DON’T IMITATE
  3. Rather than for imitation mirror neurones may underpin understanding intentions
112
Q

They cannot learn novel and complex acts – THEY DON’T IMITATE

a. Only specific to humans
b. Both specific to humans and monkeys
c. Only specific to monkeys
d. Only specific to dogs

A

c. Only specific to monkeys

113
Q

Meaningless movements are represented

a. Only specific to humans
b. Both specific to humans and monkeys
c. Only specific to monkeys
d. Only specific to dogs

A

a. Only specific to humans

114
Q

Action does not need to be goal-directed or contain an object

a. Only specific to humans
b. Both specific to humans and monkeys
c. Only specific to monkeys
d. Only specific to dogs

A

a. Only specific to humans

115
Q

Rather than for imitation mirror neurones may underpin understanding intentions

a. Only specific to humans
b. Both specific to humans and monkeys
c. Only specific to monkeys
d. Only specific to dogs

A

c. Only specific to monkeys

116
Q

Action must be goal-directed (often involve actual object)

a. Only specific to humans
b. Both specific to humans and monkeys
c. Only specific to monkeys
d. Only specific to dogs

A

c. Only specific to monkeys

117
Q

Why can’t monkeys learn novel and complex acts?

A

Because this involves BA46, which is not present in monkeys

118
Q

Monkeys can’t learn novel and complex acts because they do not have BA46 required for this task

What does this suggest?

A

They do not imitate

119
Q

Rather than for imitation, what is the role of mirror neurones in moneys?

A

They underpin understanding intentions

YEAR 2 Perception (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions