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YEAR 2 Perception > Motor Control and Disorder of Action > Flashcards

Motor Control and Disorder of Action Flashcards

1
Q

How do we control our movements?

A
  1. Using multiple muscles
  2. Precise timing (e.g. between the 2 hands)
  3. Multiple components of movement
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2
Q

What do ‘higher’ cognitive aspects of motor control include?

List 4 points

A
  1. Planning and timing
  2. Sequencing
  3. Imagery (cf mirror neurones)
  4. Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)
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3
Q

What neurones are involved in imagery in motor control?

A

Mirror neurones

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4
Q

Visualisation when practicing an action

a. Planning and timing

b. Sequencing

c. Imagery (cf mirror neurones)

d. Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)

A

c. Imagery (cf mirror neurones)

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5
Q

When learning a new musical piece, the individual makes little to no conscious effort when playing

a. Planning and timing

b. Sequencing

c. Imagery (cf mirror neurones)

d. Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)

A

d. Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)

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6
Q

List 3 ways we can apply ‘higher’ cognitive aspects of motor control

A
  1. How to best learn motor skills
  2. Rehabilitation of patients with difficulties with movement
  3. Using knowledge of human movements to
    create artificial limbs/robots
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7
Q

What are the 4 key cortical motor areas in the brain?

A
  1. Primary Motor Cortex
  2. Premotor cortex
  3. Prefrontal cortex
  4. Parietal cortex
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8
Q

What is the key motor function of Primary Motor cortex?

A

Execution

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9
Q

What is the key motor function of Premotor cortex?

A

Preparation of actions

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10
Q

What is the key motor function of Prefrontal cortex?

A

Higher level of planning

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11
Q

What is the key motor function of Parietal cortex?

A

Sensory-motor links

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12
Q

Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Higher level of planning

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

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13
Q

Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Execution

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

c. Primary Motor Cortex

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14
Q

Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Preparation of actions

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

d. Premotor cortex

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15
Q

Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Sensory-motor links

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

b. Parietal cortex

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16
Q

What are the 3 characteristic of the Primary Motor cortex (M1)?

A
  1. Pre-central gyrus
  2. Somatotopic
    organisation
  3. Activation in particular
    parts of M1 causes
    movement of particular
    body parts on opposite
    side
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17
Q

Activation in particular
parts of _____ causes
movement of particular
body parts on opposite
side

A

Primary Motor cortex (M1)

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18
Q

Activation in particular
parts of Primary Motor cortex (M1) causes
…?

A

Movement of particular
body parts on opposite
side

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19
Q

How is the Primary Motor cortex (M1) organised?

A

Somatotopic organisation

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20
Q

What is Somatotopic
organisation?

A

Organised according to the particular body parts

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21
Q

What can be used to activate/stimulate parts of the Primary Motor cortex (M1)?

A

TMS

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22
Q

If the left hemisphere of the Primary Motor cortex (M1) is activate, what part of our body will move?

A

Right hand/arm will move

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23
Q

If the left hemisphere of the Primary Motor cortex (M1) is activate, our right hand/arm will move

This is known as…?

A

Somatotopic activation

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24
Q

What happens when there is a stroke affecting one side of the brain?

A

It can affect the movement of the opposite side of the body

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25
Q

_____ can affect the movement of the opposite side of the body

A

Stroke affecting one side
of the brain

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of brain lesions that can affect
movement of the opposite
side of the body?

A
  1. Hemiplegia
  2. Hemiparesis
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27
Q

Define Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body

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28
Q

Define Hemiparesis

A

Weakness of one side of the body

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29
Q

Paralysis of one side of the body

This is known as…?

A

Hemiplegia

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30
Q

Weakness of one side of the body

This is known as…?

A

Hemiparesis

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31
Q

e.g. Problems with face muscles on one side

a. Hemiplegia
b. Hemiparesis

A

a. Hemiplegia

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32
Q

Potential of rehabilitation

a. Hemiplegia
b. Hemiparesis

A

b. Hemiparesis

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33
Q

What 2 things are involved in normal motor control?

A
  1. Bilateral Premotor Planning
  2. Unilateral Primary Motor Execution
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34
Q

What 3 things are involved in stroke induced paresis/motor control?

A
  1. Ipsilateral Premotor Planning unaffected
  2. Contralateral Premotor Planning lost
  3. Primary Motor Execution Lost
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35
Q

Cells in _____ have a preferred direction of movement

A

Primary Motor cortex (M1)

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36
Q

Cells in Primary Motor cortex (M1) have a preferred …?

A

Direction of movement

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37
Q

Cells in Primary Motor cortex (M1) have a preferred direction of movement

What is the preferred direction?

A

Anywhere where there are high populations of
cells

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38
Q

What type of coding of movement do Primary Motor cortex (M1) cells follow?

A

Vector coding

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39
Q

What is vector coding in Primary Motor cortex (M1)?

A

When populations of cells code the direction of
movement

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40
Q

What are the 2 parallel systems in the Primary Motor cortex (M1) that form an integrate-isolate pattern?

A
  1. Body-part specific
    for fine motor control of the foot, hand and mouth
  2. Somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) for integrating goals and whole body movement
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41
Q

What pattern do the 2 parallel systems in the Primary Motor cortex (M1) form…?

A

An integrate-isolate pattern

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42
Q
  1. Body-part specific
    for fine motor control of the foot, hand and mouth
  2. Somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) for integrating goals and whole body movement

These are the systems in…?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

c. Primary Motor Cortex

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43
Q

Where does the Primary Motor cortex (M1) receive input from?

List 3 points

A
  1. Supplementary motor area
  2. Premotor area
  3. Primary somatosensory area
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44
Q

Where does the Primary Motor cortex (M1) output signals/information to?

A

Spinal cord (for the control of muscles)

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45
Q

Why is the position of Primary Motor cortex (M1) and Primary Somatosensory cortex convenient?

List 3 points

A
  1. They are right next to each other
  2. It is quicker and easier for the Primary Somatosensory cortex to send information to the Primary Motor cortex (M1)
  3. The Primary Motor cortex (M1) would then send output signals to the spinal cord for the control of muscles
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46
Q

Receives input from:

  1. Supplementary motor area
  2. Premotor area
  3. Primary somatosensory area

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

c. Primary Motor Cortex

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47
Q

Output to the spinal cord

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

c. Primary Motor Cortex

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48
Q

What are the key areas of the Premotor cortex?

A
  1. Lateral Premotor Cortex
  2. Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)
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49
Q

Lateral Premotor Cortex is an area in the…?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

d. Premotor cortex

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50
Q

Supplementary Motor Area is an area in the …?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

d. Premotor cortex

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51
Q

What region in the Premotor cortex is responsible for externally
generated actions?

A

Lateral Premotor Cortex

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52
Q

What region in the Premotor cortex is responsible for internally
generated actions?

A

Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)

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53
Q

What is Lateral Premotor Cortex responsible for?

A

Externally generated actions

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54
Q

What is Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex) responsible for?

A

Internally generated actions

e.g. well learnt sequences that you know how to do already

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55
Q

Which region of the Premotor cortex does this apply to?

Generating actions of well learnt sequences that you know how to do already

A

Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)

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56
Q

Which region of the Premotor cortex does this apply to?

Generating actions of novel sequences or unfamiliar movements

A

Lateral Premotor Cortex

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57
Q

Which region of the Premotor cortex does this apply to?

Voluntarily initiating movement, when and where to do it rather than how

A

Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)

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58
Q

Areas more active in more difficult bimanual tasks

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

d. Premotor cortex

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59
Q

What 3 areas are more active in more difficult bimanual tasks?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. SMA
  3. Pre-motor area
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60
Q

Give an example of a bimanual task

A

Tasks across the hand

Drawing a circle clockwise with one hand while simultaneously drawing a circle anti clockwise with another hand

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61
Q

Cerebellum, SMA and Pre-motor areas are more active in more difficult bimanual tasks

What does this suggest about our coordination of movements?

A

We are good at coordinating our hands and separating them would make our everyday life difficult

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62
Q

What is sequence learning?

A

Practicing and learning temporal patterns of events little by little during the course of the experiment

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63
Q

How does sequence learning help us with our movements?

List 2 ways

A
  1. It helps produce faster and more accurate movements
  2. Movements change from effortful to automatic
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64
Q

Helps produce faster and more accurate movements

What contributes to this?

A

Sequence Learning

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65
Q

Movements change from effortful to automatic

What contributes to this?

A

Sequence Learning

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66
Q

What 4 regions of the brain become affected after sequence learning?

A
  1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  2. SMA
  3. Lateral premotor cortex
  4. Primary motor cortex
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67
Q

What happens to the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after sequence learning?

A

Decreases in activation

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68
Q

What happens to the SMA after sequence learning?

A

Increases in activation

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69
Q

What happens to the Lateral premotor cortex after sequence learning?

A

Decreases in activation

70
Q

What happens to the Primary motor cortex after sequence learning?

A

Decreases in activation

71
Q

After sequence learning, which of these brain regions decrease in activation?

a. SMA
b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c. Primary motor cortex
d. Lateral premotor cortex

A

b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

c. Primary motor cortex

d. Lateral premotor cortex

72
Q

After sequence learning, which of these brain regions increase in activation?

a. SMA
b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c. Primary motor cortex
d. Lateral premotor cortex

73
Q

Why does the primary motor cortex decrease in activation after sequence learning?

A

Because once you have learned the sequence and have had sufficient practice, you are less likely to make less effort and movements since you are already familiar with it

74
Q

What is the role of Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Informal conscious control

75
Q

What is the role of SMA?

A

Internal generation of movements

76
Q

What is the role of Lateral Premotor Cortex?

A

External generation of movements

77
Q

Other than the SMA, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Primary motor cortex and Lateral premotor cortex, what other 2 brain regions are affected by sequence learning?

A
  1. Subcortical - cerebellum
  2. Basal ganglia
78
Q

There are ____ muscles involved as more sequence learning takes place

a. Fewer
b. More

79
Q

Describe Gerloff et al.’s (1997) study and results on using the TMS to block activity in the SMA

List 2 points

A
  1. Repetitive TMS to
    block activity in a particular brain area for a period of time during simple, scale and complex piano sequence tasks
  2. SMA only interfered
    with performing the
    most complex
    sequence
80
Q

Repetitive TMS to
block activity in a particular brain area for a period of time during simple, scale and complex piano sequence tasks

What did the SMA only interfered with?

A

Only interfered with performing the most complex sequence but not simple or scale sequences

81
Q

List one evidence of the SMA

A

SMA only interfered
with performing the
most complex
sequence but not simple or scale sequences

Suggests its importance in complex sequence tasks

82
Q

Important for complex sequence tasks

a. SMA
b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c. Primary motor cortex
d. Lateral premotor cortex

83
Q

Only interfered with performing the most complex sequence

a. SMA
b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c. Primary motor cortex
d. Lateral premotor cortex

84
Q

Choosing what action to perform involves which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

85
Q

For longer term goals and intentions

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

86
Q

Attention to action – when difficult or
learning

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

87
Q

Not specific to action, e.g. generating random numbers

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

88
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Prefrontal cortex?

A
  1. Choosing what action to perform (e.g. which finger, Frith et al. 1991)
  2. Attention to action – when difficult or learning
  3. Longer term goals and intentions
  4. Not specific to action, e.g. generating random numbers
89
Q

When do we pay more attention to our actions?

A

When the actions or difficult or when learning new actions

90
Q

What are the 4 types of prefrontal cortex lesions?

A
  1. Perseveration
  2. Utilisation behaviour
  3. Disinhibition
  4. Frontal apraxia
91
Q

Define Perseveration

A

Repeating the same action when it is no longer relevant

92
Q

Define Utilisation behaviour

A

When the person acts on an irrelevant (or inappropriate) object in environment

e.g. Visiting your neurologist and putting on their glasses, inappropriate social behaviour

93
Q

Define Disinhibition

A

The inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behaviour

e.g. antisaccade task
Person is asked to not look at the light flashed on one side of the wall but they look at it anyway because they can’t resist

94
Q

Define Frontal apraxia

A

Not being able to follow steps in routine tasks (e.g. making tea)

95
Q

Repeating the same action when it is no longer relevant

Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to?

a. Frontal apraxia
b. Perseveration
c. Utilisation behaviour
d. Disinhibition

A

b. Perseveration

96
Q

When the person acts on an irrelevant (or inappropriate) object in environment

Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to?

a. Frontal apraxia
b. Perseveration
c. Utilisation behaviour
d. Disinhibition

A

c. Utilisation behaviour

97
Q

e.g. Visiting your neurologist and putting on their glasses, inappropriate social behaviour

Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to?

a. Frontal apraxia
b. Perseveration
c. Utilisation behaviour
d. Disinhibition

A

c. Utilisation behaviour

98
Q

The inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behaviour

Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to?

a. Frontal apraxia
b. Perseveration
c. Utilisation behaviour
d. Disinhibition

A

d. Disinhibition

99
Q

e.g. antisaccade task
Person is asked to not look at the light flashed on one side of the wall but they look at it anyway because they can’t resist

Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to?

a. Frontal apraxia
b. Perseveration
c. Utilisation behaviour
d. Disinhibition

A

d. Disinhibition

100
Q

Not being able to follow steps in routine tasks (e.g. making tea)

Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to?

a. Frontal apraxia
b. Perseveration
c. Utilisation behaviour
d. Disinhibition

A

a. Frontal apraxia

101
Q

Perseveration is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

102
Q

Frontal apraxia is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

103
Q

Hemiplegia is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

c. Primary Motor Cortex

104
Q

Disinhibition is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

105
Q

Hemiparesis is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

c. Primary Motor Cortex

106
Q

Utilisation behaviour is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

a. Prefrontal cortex

107
Q

Stroke affecting one side
of the brain is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

c. Primary Motor Cortex

108
Q

Describe Antisaccades

List 2 points

A
  1. Required to look in opposite direction to the target
  2. Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to look at target
109
Q
  1. Required to look in opposite direction to the target
  2. Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to look at target

This is known as…?

A

Antisaccades

110
Q

In Antisaccades, participants are required to look in the opposite direction to the target

What must they inhibit?

A

Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to look at target

111
Q

Describe the 2 components of the Normal and Shallice model?

A
  1. Contention scheduling
  2. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)
112
Q
  1. Contention scheduling
  2. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

These are the 2 components of…?

A

Normal and Shallice model

113
Q

What is the role of contention scheduling in the Normal and Shallice model?

A

Selects appropriate schema/actions at the appropriate time

114
Q

What is the role of the Supervisory attentional System (SAS) in the Normal and Shallice model?

A

Required for novel/less automatic actions or when you need to perform something different

115
Q

Selects appropriate schema/actions at the appropriate time

a. Contention scheduling
b. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

A

a. Contention scheduling

116
Q

Required for novel/less automatic actions or when you need to perform something different

a. Contention scheduling
b. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

A

b. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

117
Q

How can we explain action errors from prefrontal cortex damage?

A
  1. Perseveration: unable to change schemas when it is no longer appropriate
  2. Utilisation behaviour: schemas are activated by the environment without the SAS suppressing them
118
Q

How can we explain action errors from prefrontal cortex damage such as perseveration?

A

We are unable to change schemas when it is no longer appropriate

119
Q

How can we explain action errors from prefrontal cortex damage such as utilisation behaviour?

A

Schemas are activated by the environment without the SAS suppressing them

120
Q

True or False?

We all make action errors but people with cognitive lesions are more prone to these errors

121
Q

Apraxia is a lesion involved in which region of the brain?

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

A

b. Parietal cortex

122
Q

Damage to the parietal
cortex can lead to …?

123
Q

Define Apraxia

A

Inability to perform skilled
purposeful movement

124
Q

Inability to perform skilled
purposeful movement

This is known as…?

125
Q

How can parietal cortex be useful for understanding movements?

A

Knowing where things are (spatial information)

126
Q

Define Ideomotor Apraxia

A

When idea and execution are disconnected but we retain knowledge of action

127
Q

When idea and execution are disconnected but we retain knowledge of action

This is known as…?

A

Ideomotor Apraxia

128
Q

Can recognise action performed by another

a. Ideomotor Apraxia
b. Apraxia
c. Frontal Apraxia
d. Utilisation behaviour

A

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

129
Q

Fail in pantomiming action (e.g. using body part as tool)

a. Ideomotor Apraxia
b. Apraxia
c. Frontal Apraxia
d. Utilisation behaviour

A

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

130
Q

Can perform sequence but not components

a. Ideomotor Apraxia
b. Apraxia
c. Frontal Apraxia
d. Utilisation behaviour

A

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

131
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Ideomotor Apraxia?

A
  1. Can recognise action performed by another
  2. Fail in pantomiming action (e.g. body part as
    tool)

simply = fail to mime simple everyday actions

e.g. Using your index finder as a toothbrush when miming the action of brushing your teeth instead of miming a hand grabbing action of the toothbrush

  1. Can perform sequence but not components
  • Do not have a meaning for the action
132
Q

Fail to mime simple everyday actions

e.g. Using your index finder as a toothbrush when miming the action of brushing your teeth instead of miming a hand grabbing action of the toothbrush

What type of lesion does this apply to?

a. Ideomotor Apraxia
b. Apraxia
c. Frontal Apraxia
d. Utilisation behaviour

A

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

133
Q

What are the 2 Subcortical Motor Areas?

A
  1. Basal Ganglia (nuclei of the mid-brain)
  2. Cerebellum (back of the brain)
134
Q

Cerebellum lesion is referred to as…?

A

Cerebellar

135
Q

What is Cerebellar?

A

Cerebellum lesion

136
Q

What can Cerebellar patients experience?

List 5 points

A
  1. Action tremor
  2. Dysmetria: over and undershooting of movements
  3. Deficits in coordinating across joints
  4. Deficits in motor learning
  5. Deficits in timing
137
Q

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to?

Action tremor

A

Cerebellar

138
Q

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to?

Dysmetria: over and undershooting of movements

A

Cerebellar

139
Q

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to?

Deficits in coordinating across joints

A

Cerebellar

140
Q

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to?

Deficits in motor learning

A

Cerebellar

141
Q

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to?

Deficits in timing

A

Cerebellar

142
Q

Define Dysmetria

A

Over and undershooting of
movements

Simply = Reaching out too far past an object or reaching out too short of an object

143
Q

Over and undershooting of
movements

Simply = Reaching out too far past an object or reaching out too short of an object

This is known as…?

144
Q

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to?

Deficit in predicting the outcome of movements

A

Cerebellar

145
Q

Describe the Random Saccade Test

A

Participants are asked to follow where the instructor’s fingers move (eyemovement test)

146
Q

Describe results of the Random Saccade Test with Cerebellar patients

A

Patients overshot the movements of the instructor’s fingers

147
Q

Describe the results of the finger to nose movement in patients with cerebellar tremor

A

The tremor amplitude increases as the finger nears the target

148
Q

Describe the results of the finger to nose movement in patients with Parkinson’s disease

A

The tremor may be present at the beginning of the movement (not making any action) and smooth out near the nose

149
Q

Describe the results of the finger to nose movement in patients with essential tremor

A

The tremor exists throughout the test, possibly worsening as the finger approaches the nose

150
Q

The tremor exists throughout the test, possibly worsening as the finger approaches the nose

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

a. Essential tremor

151
Q

The tremor may be present at the beginning of the movement (not making any action) and smooth out near the nose

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

b. Parkinson’s disease

152
Q

The tremor amplitude increases as the finger nears the target

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

d. Cerebellar tremor

153
Q

How common is Parkinson’s disease?

A

1 in 1000 people

154
Q

How common is Parkinson’s disease in people over 65?

A

1 in 100 people over 65

155
Q

What are the 4 movement symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. Bradykinesia – slow movement
  2. Tremor (resting)
  3. Rigidity
  4. Shuffling their feet
156
Q

Define Bradykinesia

A

Slow movement

157
Q

Define resting tremor

A

Tremor that is not always present

158
Q

Define rigidity

A

Inability to relax (e.g. their arm), muscle is stiff

159
Q

What causes shuffling (small footsteps) in people with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Death of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta

160
Q

Death of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta causes ____

A

Shuffling in Parkinson’s disease

161
Q

How can people with Parkinson’s disease improve shuffling, arms not swinging properly and difficulty turning their body (improve movement)?

A

Taking dopamine medication

162
Q

Bradykinesia – slow movement

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

b. Parkinson’s disease

163
Q

Resting tremor

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

b. Parkinson’s disease

164
Q

Rigidity

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

b. Parkinson’s disease

165
Q

Shuffling, arms not swinging properly and difficulty turning their body

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

b. Parkinson’s disease

166
Q

What does writing with Parkinson’s disease look like?

List 2 points

A
  1. Small in size
  2. May reduce in size while writing (due to fatigue)
167
Q

Writing is small in size

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

b. Parkinson’s disease

168
Q

Writing may reduce in size while writing due to fatigue

a. Essential tremor
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. No pathological temor
d. Cerebellar tremor

A

b. Parkinson’s disease

169
Q

What are the 3 deficits of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. Internal/external
  • More problems with
    internally generated movements
  1. Complex movements
  • Bimanual, sequences of movements
  1. Cognitive effects
  • Attention shifting,
    everyday cognitive failures
170
Q

Patients with Parkinson’s disease experience more problems with _____ generated movements

a. Internal
b. External

A

a. Internal

171
Q

Patients with Parkinson’s disease experience deficits in complex movements

What are the 2 complex movements they struggle with?

A
  1. Bimanual tasks
  2. Sequences
172
Q

Patients with Parkinson’s disease experience deficits in cognitive effects

What are the 2 cognitive effects they struggle with?

A
  1. Attention shifting
  2. Everyday cognitive failures

YEAR 2 Perception (6 decks)

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