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Bio 192 > Sparks-Exam 2 > Flashcards

Sparks-Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology

A

organisms that interact with each other/environment

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2
Q

ecological hierarchy

A

ecosystem-community interactions with abiotic factors
community-group of individuals of 2 or more species in one place and time
population-individuals of one species in one place and time
organismal-behavior and evolution

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3
Q

how can ecology drive evolution?

A

something changes in the environment to result in evolution

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4
Q

how can evolution drive ecology?

A

species processes can derive into the environment

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5
Q

Altruistic

A

sacrifice organisms to have gene survival

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6
Q

organismal level- behavior/diet preference

A

foraging behavior
- food obtaining behavior
- recognize, capture, handle, consume

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7
Q

organismal level- optimal feeding strategy

A
  • compromise between the benefits of the feeding and the costs of obtaining the food
  • the optimal strategy has the highest net payoff
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8
Q

organismal level- altruism

A
  • behavior that reduces fitness of the individual but increases the fitness of others in the population
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9
Q

organismal level-two types of net benefit

A

kin selection: altruistic acts that benefit genetic relatives
- benefits gained through shared genes (fitness)
-eg parent offspring
-ex. alarm calls of ground squirrels; calls relatives, risk life to help them survive

reciprocal altruism: altruistic acts that are provided to non relatives
- benefits occur when act is reciprocated
- in humans its friendships
- conditions that favor reciprocal altruism such as social groups, longterm association, memory, individual recognition, punishment

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10
Q

organismal level-reproductive behavior

A
  • mate choice (inter-sexual): females choose from variety if mates; vice verse; mostly females look for quality
  • male/male competition (intra-sexual): males compete w/ each other for females
  • female/female competition (intra-sexual): females compete w/ each other for males
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11
Q

Mate choice mechanisms

A
  • Good genes: payoff to the females through increased genetic quality of offspring
    - females find good genes in males to produce
    offspring with better survival genes
  • Direct (material) benefits: payoff to females through access to resources
    - females are protected by males to find
    resources from other territories
    - eg food on male territory
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12
Q

Mating systems

A
  • local ecology
  • past evolution (selection pressures/phylogenetic relationships)
  • ability to reproduce
    1. Monogamy (1 female: 1 male)
    2. Polygyny (1 male: multiple females)
    3. Polyandry (1 female: multiple males)
    4. Polygynandry (multiple males: multiple females)
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13
Q

Monogamy

A
  • western gulls; males/females share parental behavior
  • offspring won’t survive w/o both parents
  • not many monogamists bc of extra pair populations which was revealed through genetic data analysis w/o observes knowledge
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14
Q

polygyny

A
  • elk; females group together to fight predators white males fight to be female groups
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15
Q

polyandry

A
  • red necked phalarope; females larger than males
  • nest failure is common, don’t need both parents
  • males care for eggs
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16
Q

polygynandry

A
  • amphipods
  • males: more matings
  • females: more genetic diversity in offspring
  • no co-raising offspring
  • beneficial when conditions are very variable; different combinations of of genotypes with different males and females raise different variants of offspring
    lots of variation in diverse environments
17
Q

Communication

A

transfer of information from a signaler (sender) to a receiver
- signals: acoustic, vibrational, chemical, visual

18
Q

Signals

A
  1. Honest Signal: costly produce, can’t be bluffed, reliable indicator of quality
  2. Dishonest Signal: signal used to manipulate receiver, distraction display
    ex. “broken” wing bird leads prey away from nest
19
Q

Receivers

A
  1. Legitimate receiver (intended receiver): potential mate, opponent, predator
  2. illegitimate receiver (unintended receiver): interceptor, predator
20
Q

Alarm signal- evolution

A
  • used to warn others
  • in some cases intentional
  • sometimes unintentional; by products of attacks
  • aquatic systems: alarm cues, minnows, chemicals in skin predator attack warns others, chemical would be commonly present in skin
21
Q

population ecology

A

study of populations in relation to the environment

22
Q

population dispersion

A
  • clumped: patchy distribution of resources (eg food), se stars
  • uniform: equally spaced, direct interactions, territory protection, gulls
  • random: unpredictable spacing, abiotic dispersal, wind dispersal of seeds
23
Q

life history traits

A
  • age at maturity
  • size at maturity
  • offspring number
  • offspring size
  • lifespan
24
Q

Pattern allocation

A
  • energy tradeoffs: how much energy is given to each trait; follows trait w/ more energy
  • life history tradeoffs:
    - more eggs; smaller
    - less eggs; bigger size
25
Q

life history evolution

A

number of reproductive events
- iteroparity: multiple reproductive events
(eg amphipods; fuck whoever; whenever)
- semelparity: one reproductive event
(eg salmon; die after giving birth once)

26
Q

population demography

A
  • pattern of mortality & survival
  • age related
  • survivorship curves
27
Q

survivorship curves

A

plot of proportion of original cohort alive at each age
- type I: mammals, humans
- type II: ground squirrels, lizards, birds
- type III: oysters, barnacles, plants, fungi

28
Q

type I

A

high survival early, drop steeply at old age
- large investment in each offspring
- high level of parental

29
Q

type II

A

constant pattern of survival/mortality throughout life
- intermediate investment in each offspring
- intermediate levels of parental care

30
Q

type III

A

low survival early, few survivors live a long time
- small investment in each offspring
- low level of parental care

31
Q

population growth

A

change in population size over time
- exponential growth: no limits
- logistic growth: limits set by k
- k = carrying capacity: # of individuals of a species that can be supported in an area
- N vs time

32
Q

exponential growth

A
  • no limits
  • unlimited resources
  • no competition
  • some organisms in specific solutions
33
Q

Logistic growth

A
  • limits
  • resources limited
  • competition (infraspecific-within species)
  • most organisms
34
Q

exponential growth

A

b > d –> r more than 0 ; population increases
b < d –> r less than 0 ; population decreases
b = d –> r = 0 ; no change in population change
equation= rN

35
Q

logistic growth

A
  • exponential growth initially
  • limits occur larger at N
  • limits set by k
    equation = rN[k-N/k]
36
Q

population regulation

A

Density Dependent Regulation: population growth regulated by density related factors that decrease growth
- increased d at high N
- decreased b at high N
- increased d and decreased b at high N

Density Independent Regulation: population growth can be regulated by factors that are unrelated to population size (fire, flood, etc)

Bio 192 (5 decks)

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