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Bio 192 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

null hypothesis

A

There is no difference in DV between experimental and control groups

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2
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

there is a difference in the DV between experimental and control groups

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3
Q

Community ecology

A

assemblage of populations of different species in one area at one time
focus: species interactions

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4
Q

Types of interactions and examples

A

Mutualism (++)
Predation (+-)
Parasitism (+-)
Commensalism (+0)
Competition (–)

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5
Q

Niche

A
  • n-dimensional hypervolume that describes the conditions for species persistence
  • 2 dimensional area that describes the conditions for species persistence
  • 3 dimensional volume that describes the conditions
    for for species persistence
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6
Q

Two types of niche

A

fundamental: individuals react with physiology in the space
- could be occupied
- no enemies
- bigger
realized: organism interacting with one another in the space
- niche occupied
- enemies present
- smaller

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7
Q

Competition

A

two organisms require the same resources which is in short supply

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8
Q

intra-specific

A

within species; logistics, density dependent

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9
Q

inter-specific

A

between species

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10
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

exclusion if one species by another due to competition (when competitive ability is asymmetrical)

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11
Q

Evidence of competition in nature

A
  • niche partitioning of lizards in the Dominican republic
  • competition exclusion of barnacles in scotland
  • character displacement of finches in the Galapagos island
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12
Q

Niche partitioning

A
  • given that competition can be costly to both species
  • mechanisms that avoid costs are favored
  • niches can be divided so that competition is avoided
  • eg division in space (occupy different locations)
    *lizards in the Dominican republic partition in space to avoid competition
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13
Q

Barnacles in Scotland

A
  • crustaceans
  • located in inter tidal zone
  • filter food from water
  • planktonic dispersal stage
  • settle on rock for life
  • survivorship curve; type III
    *Chthalamus were excluded from preferred locations by Balanus through competition
    *the experiment was to see if there was competition between both species; so when the Balanus were removed there was no competition and the chthalamus extended their niche
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14
Q

Character Displacement

A

evidence of competition revealed by difference in traits among populations
- in closely related species that share a resource
- traits are similar when the species are apart (allopatry)
- when together (sympatry) traits are different
*birds had similar beak sizes so they ate the same food which created competition but then they evolved and changed their beak size which helped them get different food and now no more competition
*finches in the Galapagos

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15
Q

Ecological Succession

A

predictable change in the species competition of a community over time following a disturbance
- fire
- volcano
- leaf falling in stream
- dead whale sinking to bottom of ocean
*each species comes a bit later than the other
*when species B comes its better at competition so A goes away but when C comes its better than B at competition then B goes away and same with D; after D comes no one left to fight so only one left
*amount of organisms at that point has to do with previous graph low-high-low

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16
Q

Keystone Species

A

species has a big impact on community dynamics
- can influence species diversity
- if removed = diversity decreases

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17
Q

Keystone Predation

A

sea stars (predator) - limpets, mussels, barnacles (prey)

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18
Q

Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion

A
  • on beaches barnacles in the pacific northwest of the sea star abundance was correlated positively with prey species diversity
  • sea star presence –> prey diversity
  • remove sea stars in some areas but not others, record prey diversity
    *two treatment groups: group 1 sea stars absent (experimental); group 2 sea stars present (control-natural state)
  • sea stars are keystone predators that maintain community diversity. Sea stars prevent one species (mussels) from excluding the others (prevent competitive exclusion)
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19
Q

Ecosystem

A

community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which these organisms interact

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20
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

emphasis on ENERGY FLOW and CHEMICAL (nutrient cycling)
- critical organisms: prokaryotes, protist, fungi

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21
Q

Diversity of Life

A

image

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22
Q

Energy base

A

set by producers
- photoautotrophs (photosynthetic)
- 6CO2 + 6H2O -energy light-> 6O2 + glucose
- chemoautotrophs (chemosynthetic); eg hydrothermal vents in ocean

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23
Q

food chain

A

linear sequence of feeding relationships that describe energy transfer
- trophic level: each step in chain

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24
Q

food web

A

network of food chains

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25
Q

energy transfer

A
  • most energy is not transferred between trophic levels
  • 80-90% used or lost
  • 10-20% transfers
  • energy pyramids
    *caterpillar eating leaves
    caterpillar:
    Feces(100J) New biomass(33J) Respiration(67J)
    (gives energy)
    Energy (2000J)
    leaf:
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26
Q

Energy pyramid

A

(10% energy transfer)
Primary Producers- 10,000J
Primary Consumer- 1,000J
Secondary Consumer- 100J

27
Q

Biological Magnification

A
  • accumulation of toxins at higher trophic levels
  • biomass at each trophic level depends on much greater biomass at lower levels
  • eg PCB or polychlorinated biphenyl
    -chart remember
28
Q

Chemical (nutrient) cycling

A

chemical elements available in limited amounts
- essential chemicals must be recycled
- chemicals move through resources
- movement can occur over short and long time periods
- cycles: carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen

29
Q

Reservoirs

A

Carbon Cycle
Chart thingie

30
Q

Human Impacts

A

Eutrophication
- nitrogen and phosphorus cycles
- increases fertilizers and sewages
- effects on aquatic systems (eg lakes)
- algae and bacteria grow rapidly –> bloom
- followed by “crash”
- accumulation of dead organisms
- decomposition–> increase CO2; decrease O2
- death of other organisms (dead zone)

31
Q

evolution, ecology, and diversity

A

they are all connected

32
Q

what is the unity of life?

A

DNA, shared genetics, ancestry

33
Q

what is the diversity of life?

A
  • evolution (natural selection)
  • ecology (competition, niches)
34
Q

Are Eukarya generally more complex than Bacteria and Archaea?

A

Yes

35
Q

Are Eukarya better adapted than Bacteria and Archaea?

A

No not better just different

36
Q

Why sexual reproduction?

A

Red Queen hypothesis
- alice through look glass
- have to change to stay alive

37
Q

costs of sex?

A
  • finding mates (time, energy)
  • fight with rivals
  • lost of genetic fitness (females 50%)
  • STDs
38
Q

Which came first the chicken or the egg?

A

egg because of phylogeny

39
Q

Evolution: antibiotic resistances

A

Two major causes:
- patient non-compliance-evolution
non compliant patients ‘select’ for increased resistance
- overuse of antibiotics- ecology
in the absence of antibiotics, non resistant bacteria outcompete resistant bacteria

40
Q

What if there was no antibiotics what would happen?

A

They will go to the left of the graph; energy tradeoffs- if you don’t need resistance then you wont have it because its costly

41
Q

Toxic environmental insult

A

toxic bacteria in reproductive tract
- influence developing fetus
solutions:
- introduce toxins (traditional approach)
- introduce non toxic bacteria to outcompete toxic bacteria

42
Q

how do organisms deal with unpredictable conditions?

A

flexibility = phenotypic plasticity
- one genotype produces multiple phenotypes
- based on conditions encountered during life

43
Q

Euglena (protist)

A
  • autotrophs: photosynthetic
  • heterotrophs: predatory
  • mixotrophs: both
44
Q

Why not always have plasticity?

A

energy tradeoffs

45
Q

Behavior of Bacteria

A
  • non random movement
  • exhibit taxis - movement towards or away from a stimulus
  • positive taxis - move towards
    - eg photosynthetic bacteria (move to light)
46
Q

Behavior and dispersion of food

A
  • uniform; bacteria can get all foods
  • clumped; bacteria miss food and might not get any (doesn’t do this cause of tradeoff)
47
Q

Scale of population dispersion

A

Lake:
- surface algae (photosynthetic): random dispersion
- whole lake; algae: clumped dispersion

48
Q

Fungi

A
  • heterotrophs
  • penetrate food items, secrete enzymes, absorb nutrients
  • morphology
    - body is network of filaments; hyphae
    - interwoven mass of hyphae; mycelium
    - exposed portion; spore dispersal
49
Q

Species interactions

A
  • mutualism
  • parasitism
  • competition
  • commensalism
  • predation
50
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • unicellular
  • small (0.001-0.005mm)
  • short generation time
  • asexual reproduction
  • autotrophs, heterotrophs
  • photosynthetic, chemosynthetic
51
Q

rapid evolution

A
  • short generation time
  • mutation and binary fusion
  • also engage in horizontal gene transfer: conjugation-exchange genetic material with other prokaryotes
  • exchange genetic information across ‘species lines’
52
Q

problems with phylogeny?

A

how is prokaryotes a problem for phylogenetic reconstruction
- different taxa can exchange genetic info
- difficult to reconstruct evolutionary relationships

53
Q

problems for species definitions?

A
  • exchange genetic information across species lines
  • asexual reproduction
54
Q

euglena and prokaryotes

A

homoplasy

55
Q

flagella of prokaryotes and protists

A
  • homoplasy
  • convergent evolution
56
Q

key roles

A

evolution
- gave rise to all eukaryotes (endosymosis)
ecology
- critical role in nutrient cycling

57
Q

carbon cycle

A

explain….

58
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

explain…

59
Q

biofilms

A
  • slimy film on teeth
  • community of prokaryotes live on surfaces
  • leaf slime; medical tube slime
  • multiple species of prokaryotes secrete a chemical to attract others
  • collectively produce protective layer over community
  • hard to remove
  • more resistant to bacteria
60
Q

bioremediation

A

prokaryotes used to help clean up environment
- oil spill clean up
- promote growth of the bacteria
- add genetically modified bacteria (with short life span to do the job then die)

61
Q

protists

A
  • eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
  • nucleus, membrane bound organelles
  • typically unicellular; highly complex organization within cell
  • protist group not well defined evolutionarily
62
Q

Apicomplexans

A
  • parasites
  • name: one end of the body ‘apex’ contains ‘complex’ of organism specialized for penetrating host tissue
  • plasmodium causes malaria
  • 250 million people in tropics infected
  • 900,000 people die each year
63
Q

mosquito and human

A

back and forth cycle where mosquitos salivary glands go to human liver and blood cells

64
Q

malaria prevention

A

genetic resistance:
- plasmodium-human
- mechanism: prevent parasite entering blood stream
vaccines:
- mechanism: attacks plasmodium cells
-concern: vaccine resistant plasmodium
pesticides:
- mechanisms: kill mosquitos
- concern: biological magnification, evolution of resistance
GM mosquitos:
Biological control:
- mechanism: predators consume mosquitos

Bio 192 (5 decks)

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